3U3 


STANDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY 

No.    273 


The  9Olympic  Games 
At  Athens 


1906 


BY 

JAMES    E.  SULLIVAN 

AMERICAN    COMMISSIONER   TO    THE   OLYMPIC    GAMES 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


PUBLISHED    BY  THE 

AMERICAN    SPORTS    PUBLISHING    COMPANY 
21  WARREN  STREET,  NEW  YORK 

Copyright,  1906,  by  American  Sports  Publishing  Company. 


HON.  THEODORE    ROOSEVELT, 
Honorary  President  American  Committee,  Olympic  Games,  1906. 

Copyrighted,  1903,  by  C.  M.  Bell  Photo  Co. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY. 


THE  OLYMPIC  GAMES  OF   1906 


The  morning  of  April  22,  1906,  was  the  dawning  of  a  day 
long  to  be  remembered.  It  was  the  opening  day  of  the  Olympic 
Games — a  day  long  awaited  by  the  Greek  nation.  All  roads  lead- 
ing to  Athens  saw  wagons  wending  their  way  to  the  city.  It 
was  not  rare  to  see  a  band  of  peasants  being  drawn  in  a  wagon 
to  which  was  attached  a  donkey,  an  ox,  and  a  mule.  Every  street 
leading  to  the  Stadium  was  thronged  with  people, .  all  good- 
natured  and  orderly.  An  excited  murmur  seemed  to  be  through 
the  city.  Occasionally  a  cheer  would  be  heard.  Cabmen  were 
brushing  up  their  carriages  in  view  of  their  coming  afternoon 
trade  and  the  fancy  prices  they  were  going  to  get. 

As  early  as  noon  the  carriages  began  to  roll  toward  the 
Stadium  and  drop  their  human  freight  about  100  yards  from  the 
gate,  for  only  the  equipages  of  the  royal  family  were  allowed 
to  cross  the  bridge  of  Illisos,  the  scene  of  greatest  excitement. 
Thousands  of  people  were  standing  around  the  bridge  and  near 
the  entrance  to  the  Stadium. 

The  main  feature  was  the  foustanellofori,  or  evzoni  (the 
King's  bodyguard),  with  their  skirts  and  peculiar  uniforms. 
They  were  stretched  from  the  Stadium  entrance  in  two  long 
lines  facing  one  another,  leaving  between  the  two  lines  a  lane 
about  ten  feet  wide  through  which  the  royal  family  passed.  The! 
bands  of  music  were  allowed  to  take  their  places  in  the  Stadium. 
Thousands  of  soldiers  were  being  marched  in,  not  to  keep  or- 
der— that  was  not  necessary — but  as  the  Stadium  is  built  be- 
tween three  hills,  and  as  the  top  row  of  seats  just  reached  those 
hills — where  thousands  congregated  daily — it  was  found  neces- 
sary to  have  the  top  row  of  seats  guarded  by  soldiers,  to  prevent 
the  people  on  the  hills  from  stepping  over  the  marble  wall. 

The  placing  of  the  soldiers  was  very  interesting.  What  an 
imposing  spectacle  they  made  when  they  took  their  positions. 
Tramp,  tramp,  they  would  come  marching  up  to  the  top  row  of 
seats.  Here  they  were  stretched,  shoulder  to  shoulder,  around 
the  upper  wall,  thousands  of  them,  with  their  peculiar  uniforms, 
their  heads  just  showing  against  the  sky.  One  can  imagine  how 
many  there  must  have  been  when  it  is  known  that  the  upper  outer 
wall  of  the  Stadium  measures  over  one-third  of  a  mile  in  circum- 


'H2S- 


HIS  ROYAL  HIGHNESS  PRINCE  CONSTANTINE. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY  7 

ference.  So  picture  a  third  of  a. mile  of  soldiers  up  in  the  skies 
— just  like  so  many  birds  on  the  bough  of  a  tree.  It  was  a 
picture  that  many  photographers  were  quick  to  recognize  as 
unique. 

When  the  guard  was  placed  around  the  top  of  the  Stadium 
the  people  were  allowed  to  come  in.  There  was  a  mad  rush  for 
seats.  The  management  had  the  iron  gates  removed  and  thou- 
sands entered  by  holding  their  tickets  over  their  heads.  There 
were  four  entrances,  two  being  for  holders  of  tickets  in  the  lower 
tiers  of  seats,  the  other  two  being  for  holders  of  tickets  in  the 
upper  tiers,  the  latter  ascending  an  outside  marble  stairway, 
built  exclusively  for  them.  Thousands  could  not  buy  tickets 
and  joined  the  army  of  spectators  that  stood  on  the  hills,  on 
the  bridge  and  along  the  streets,  waiting  to  see  the  royal  family 
arrive. 

From  the  moment  the  royal  family  left  the  Palace  in  their 
carriages  there  was  a  long  continued  cheer  that  only  ceased  when 
they  were  comfortably  seated  in  the  royal  box. 

What  an  imposing  spectacle  it  was  as  the  royal  family  drove 
up  between  the  bodyguard  of  evzoni  under  the  arch  of  the 
Stadium  gates.  As  they  were  escorted  up  the  infield  by  the 
committee  and  jurymen,  50,000  people  stood  up  to  greet  them. 
So  loud  were  the  cheers  that  the  national  airs  could  hardly  be 
heard. 

It  was  3:15  p.  m.  when  the  royal  party  entered  the  Stadium. 
The  crowds  rose  to  their  feet  and  were  trying  to  get  a  glimpse 
of  their  majesties.  His  Majesty  King  George  came  first,  wearing 
a  simple  admiral  uniform,  accompanying  his  sister,  the  Queen 
Alexandra  of  England.  Then  came  His  Majesty  King  Edward 
of  England,  accompanied  by  Queen  Olga  of  Greece.  They  were 
followed  by  the  Crown  Prince  Constantin  and  the  Princess  of 
Wales,  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  the  Princess  Sophia,  Prince 
George  and  Princess  Victoria,  Prince  Nicolas,  Prince  Andrew, 
the  Princess  Helen  and  the  Grand  Duke  Boris,  brother  of  Prin- 
cess Helen. 

The  members  of  the  royal  family  bowed  to  the  right  and  left 
in  recognition  of  the  cheering  and  standing  people  in  the  Stadium. 
Flags  were  waved  in  a  frantic  manner.  The  fringe  of  soldiers 
around  the  top  row  of  seats  stood  saluting,  the  naval  officers 
stood  back  of  the  throne  in  salute.  The  cheers  grew  louder  and 
louder — not  only  the  people  in  the  Stadium  were  cheering,  but 
all  Athens  was  cheering. 

No  wonder  the  King  smiled  and  bowed  to  his  people  during 
his  walk  of  two  hundred  yards  through  the  mass  of  people  who 
so  madly  cheered  him. 


HIS  ROYAL  HIGHNESS   PRINCE   GEORGE, 
High  Commissioner  and  Governor-General  of  Crete. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  9 

The  opening  of  the  games  was  a  sight  that  pleased  not  only 
the  King,  but  the  hundreds  of  foreign  officials  who  had  helped 
organize  the  Olympic  Games  in  their  respective  countries,  and 
had  come  to  the  city  of  Athens  to  see  how  the  Athenians  would 
celebrate  their  event.  Never  before  in  the  history  of  athletics 
has  there  been  such  a  sight.  To  think  that  close  on  to  100,000 
people  would  be  in  and  about  the  Stadium  to  witness  the  opening 
ceremonies ! 

As  a  contrast  to  the  intense  cheering  there  was  complete 
silence  when  the  Crown  Prince  stepped  forward  in  front  of  the 
throne  and  in  an  impressive  manner  read  the  following  address 
to  the  King: 

YOUR  MAJESTY  :  The  committee,  whose  president  I  am,  in- 
duced by  the  law  that  gave  us  the  charge  and  the  preparation 
of  the  Olympic  Games,  has  invited  to  the  Stadium,  which  was  re- 
built in  its  ancient  beauty  by  a  patriotic  Greek  citizen,  all  the 
nations  that  regard  athletics  and  gymnastics  as  the  progress  and 
inducement  of  civilization.  We  are  grateful  to-day,  seeing  that 
our  pains  have  been  crowned  with  success  by  the  presence  of 
international  teams  which  are  set  before  Your  Majesty  and  the 
King  of  the  strong  United  Kingdom  of  England. 

Greece  opens  its  arms  to  receive  the  best  in  rank  of  physical 
education,  those  who  came  here  from  all  over  the  civilized  world. 
The  Stadium  is  broadened  during  these  days  in  a  universal 
Stadium,  where  the  victory  wilt  spread  its  laurels  on  the  heads 
of  the  best  of  the  nations.  In  whatever  country  the  victors  will 
carry  the  prize  of  their  worthy  victory,  we  hope  they  will  not 
forget  that  we  have  crowned  their  heads  with  laurels  from 
Olympia,  that  have  grown  by  the  banks  of  Alphios.  Let  them 
not  forget  that  they  have  been  applauded  and  crowned  as  Olympic 
victors  on  the  sacred  ground  of  Athens  by  the  descendants  of 
ancients  Greeks,  who  recognize  as  brothers  those  that  the  art 
of  Athletics,  the  noble  daughter  of  Greece,  has  brought  up  as 
victors.  Leaving  Athens  as  victors,  let  them  consider  themselves 
as  other  Athenians,  since  they  have  been  crowned  by  Athenian 
prizes.  Under  such  good  omens,  I  take  the  honor  to  ask  Your 
Majesty  to  proclaim  the  opening  of  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906. 

In  response,  the  King  arose  and  duly  declared  the  Olympic 
Games  of  1906  opened. 

During  all  of  this  interesting  ceremony,  which  was  conducted 
in  a  dignified  manner,  the  athletes  from  the  different  countries 
stood  in  columns  back  of  the  Crown  Prince.  Then  came  the 
parade  of  the  contestants  before  the  King,  the  bands  of  music 
of  Levkas  and  of  Piraeus  preceding  them. 


HIS  ROYAL  HIGHNESS  PRINCE  NICHOLAS. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  11 

In  this  way  first  came  the  Germans,  then  the  English,  the 
Americans,  the  Australians,  the  Belgians,  the  Danish  ladies,  the 
Danish,  the  French,  the  Hungarians,  the  Italians,  the  Norwegians, 
the  Swedes,  and  last  the  Greeks. 

As  they  passed  in  front  of  the  royal  box  each  group  saluted 
according  to  the  custom  of  their  own  country  and  marched  to 
their  reserved  seats  in  the  left  wing  of  the  Stadium. 

While  the  gymnasts  were  busy  dressing  themselves  all  the 
Philharmonic  bands  concentrated  themselves  in  the  depths  of  the 
Stadium  and  played  the  hymn  of  Samara.  The  full  of  inspiration 
and  of  great  genius  work  was  played  indeed  in  a  perfect  way. 

The  programme  of  events  consisted  of  gymnastic  exhibitions 
presented  by  different  countries.  For  this  reason  most  of  the 
infield  was  filled  with  gymnastic  apparatus.  The  teams  from 
Norway,  Sweden,  France,  Denmark,  Germany  and  Italy  gave 
exhibitions.  The  feature  of  the  day  was  the  gymnastic  work 
done  by  a  class  of  Danish  women,  invited  by  the  King  and  were 
guests  at  the  Palace.  Their  balancing  movements  showed  grace 
and  poise ;  their  apparatus  work  consisted  of  giant  swings  on 
the  horizontal  bars,  the  half  lever  on  the  rings,  hand-stands  on 
the  parallel  bars  and  wonderful  vaults  on  the  horse.  They  re- 
ceived great  applause. 

At  six  o'clock  the  gymnastic  exhibition  was  concluded  and  it 
is  doubtful  whether  one  person  had  left  the  Stadium.  When  the 
royal  party  rose  to  make  their  triumphal  exit  the  same  reception 
was  accorded  them,  if  anything  a  little  more  pronounced.  Every- 
one of  the  50,000  stood  up — men  uncovered  their  heads — the 
cheers  echoed  and  re-echoed  throughout  the  Stadium.  After  the 
royal  party  the  people  in  a  slow,  orderly  way  left  the  Stadium 
by  the  four  exits,  but  there  was  no  crowding,  or  jostling,  no  jeer- 
ing or  laughter,  for  it  was  the  opening  of  the  Olympic  Games. 
A  Greek  Festival  had  been  inaugurated;  the  Greek  people  were 
part  and  parcel  of  it. 

"Was  there  ever  such  an  opening  elsewhere?  Could  there  be?" 
That's  what  many  foreigners  asked.  The  attendance !  Where 
in  the  world  could  one  collect  an  audience  of  at  least  100,000 
to  witness  the  sight? 

The  answer  is:  "Nowhere  but  at  Athens;  classic  Athens." 


The  Good  Results  of  the  Games 

The  Olympic  Games  of  1906  will  go  down  into  athletic  his- 
tory as  the  most  remarkable  festival  of  its  kind  ever  held. 
They  exceeded  in  every  way  the  successful  Olympic  Games  of 
1896,  and  are  bound  to  produce  good  results,  for  the  holding  of 


HIS  ROYAL  HIGHNESS  PRINCE  ANDREW. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  18 

these  games  at  Athens  this  year  added  a  stimulus  to  sport  on 
the  Continent  and  has  greatly  increased  the  interest  which  will 
be  taken  in  the  future  in  athletic  sports  by  all  countries  of  the 
world.  The  scenes  and  incidents  and  everything  in  connection 
with  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906  made  an  impression  that  will 
never  be  forgotten  and  it  is  hoped  that  future  Olympic  Games 
will  be  up  to  the  standard  of  the  ones  of  1906. 

The  Greek  Committee,  of  which  H.  R.  .H.  The  Crown  Prince 
is  President,  operating  under  a  royal  decree  from  King  George, 
worked  for  many  months  perfecting  the  plans  and  arrangements 
for  the  games,  and  how  well  they  succeeded  is  best  told  by  the 
official  reports,  which  speak  for  themselves. 

It  can  be  safely  said  that  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906  opened 
in  a  more  auspicious  manner  than  either  the  Olympic  Games  at 
Paris  in  1900,  or  at  St.  Louis  in  1904,  and  from  the  opening 
hour  to  the  closing  exercise,  Athens  enjoyed  a  festival  the  like 
of  which  has  never  been  witnessed  by  the  residents  of  any  other 
city  in  the  world.  That  they  were  a  success  can  be  attributed 
to  the  untiring  efforts  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Greece,  the 
Crown  Prince,  Prince  George,  Prince  Nicholas,  Prince  Andrew, 
and  the  Greek  Committee.  Their  efforts  during  the  entire  Olym- 
pic period  were  untiring.  They  personally  conducted  as  many 
of  the  athletic  events  as  they  could  devote  themselves  to,  so  as 
to  be  here,  there  and  everywhere,  and  made  it,  one  might  say, 
their  personal  duty  to  make  all  of  the  visitors  and  the  officials 
from  other  countries  feel  as  though  they  were  welcome  and 
their  presence  appreciated. 

One  of  the  first  social  functions,  where  all  of  the  delegates, 
officials  and  others  met,  was  at  a  luncheon  given  by  H.  R.  H. 
the  Crown  Prince,  at  the  Action  Hotel.  At  least  two  hundred 
attended,  the  royal  family  being  represented  by  H.  R.  H.  the 
Crown  Prince,  Duke  of  Sparta,  Prince  George,  Prince  Nicholas 
and  Prince  Andrew.  Following  is  the  toast  made  by  H.  R.  H. 
the  Crown  Prince : 

"In  the  name  of  His  Majesty  the  King.  Delight  of  the  eyes 
and  great  pleasure  could  be  called  the  athletic  feasts  which  have 
taken  place  during  these  last  days.  In  these  feasts,  however, 
there  is  a  deep  lesson  in  the  great  emulation  of  the  nations 
trying  to  surpass  each  other  in  the  strength  of  the  body  and  to 
show  the  benevolent  effects  of  athletics  by  means  of  their  first- 
in-rank  athletes.  We  justly  admire  the  victors  and  we  partake 
of  the  applause  that  came  out  from  the  mouths  of  thousands  of 
people  for  them.  But  we  must  not  forget  those  who,  by  their 
devotion,  have  contributed  and  still  contribute,  not  less  than  the 
victors,  to  the  success  of  the  games  and  to  the  progress  of  the 


A.  G.  SPALDING, 

American  Director  to  the  Olympic  Games  of  1900,  at  Paris,  at  which 
meeting  the  American  athletes  scored  such  a  pronounced  victory. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  15 

physical  education  that  will  revive  the  nations.  The  Princes 
and  the  governments  whom  you  represent  by  means  of  their 
protection,  the  committees,  the  clubs  and  societies,  whose  mem- 
bers you  are,  by  means  of  their  enthusiastic  zeal,  have  prepared 
the  lively  participation  in  the  spectacle  of  these  days.  To  you 
we  owe  the  bringing  together  at  the  Stadium  of  Herodis  of 
Atticus  and  of  Averoff  and  at  the  other  places  of  the  games,  of 
the  groups  of  strong-bodied  young  men  for  whom  we  clap  the 
hands. 

"I  consider,  therefore,  but  fair  to  raise  my  cup  for  you,  as 
representatives  of  the  protectors  of  athletics,  by  means  of  which 
the  bodies  are  strengthened,  the  bodies  that  adore  the  nations 
during  the  times  of  peace  and  protect  their  rights  at  times  of 
danger.  I  therefore  drink  to  the  health  of  all  of  you  and  the 
health  of  the  nations  whom  you  represent." 

That  the  games  of  1906  were  vastly  superior  to  the  games  of 
1896  the  members  of  the  Royal  Family  admitted.  That  was  at 
the  beginning,  and  at  the  time  they  were  all  very  well  pleased 
with  the  entry  received  and  the  number  of  spectators. 

To  the  visitor  from  an  athletic  country,  particularly  America, 
the  one  thing  which  will  long  be  remembered  is  the  Stadium. 
Words  can  hardly  describe  the  impression  the  Stadium  makes 
on  one  as  he  enters  its  gates.  Tiers  of  white  marble  seats  go  to 
the  clouds.  In  size  and  dimension  it  is  unsurpassed ;  in  form 
and  construction  unequaled.  There  is  a  grandeur  about  it  that 
impresses  one.  Certainly  there  is  no  place  in  the  world  like  it 
for  the  holding  of  Olympic  Games.  ^ 

The  Olympic  Games,  as  we  all  know,  comprised  a  great  many 
events,  the  Stadium  events,  of  course,  being  considered  by  a 
great  many,  the  Olympic  Games,  for  it  is  to  see  these  events 
that  the  populace  go.  These  events  are  used  as  comparison  in 
all  records  known  as  Olympic  records. 

There  has  been  some  criticism  in  relation  to  the  claims  of  the 
Americans.  The  Americans  have  claimed  absolutely  what  they 
accomplished.  America  sent  a  team  for  the  Olympic  Games  as 
they  had  been  understood  at  Athens  in  1896,  at  Paris  in  1900, 
and  at  St.  Louis  in  1904,  and  at  no  time  did  tfrey  claim  that 
America  won  a  canoe  championship,  a  revolver  championship,  a 
gymnastic  championship,  or  a  boating  championship ;  they  did 
not  make  an  entry  in  these  events.  America  entered  its  team 
for  athletics,  and  all  claims  made  by  Americans  have  been  for 
the  athletic  events,  as  the  word  is  understood,  and  these  events 
took  place  in  the  Stadium.  In  other  words,  America  excelled 
the  world  athletically,  just  the  same  as  France  excelled  in 
swordsmanship,  the  Swiss  in  shooting,  Italy  in  boating  and  bicy- 


BARON   PIERRE  DECOUBERTIN, 
President  International  Olympic  Committee. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  17 

cling,  and  the  Danes  in  foot  ball,  and  the  French  are  certainly 
entitled  to  a  great  deal  of  credit  for  their  all-round  showing  in 
all  other  than  the  track  and  field  athletic  events. 

We  can  see  that  the  question  of  events  will  have  to  receive 
great  consideration  from  the  Greek  and  the  International  Com- 
mittees, for  I  really  believe  that  these  Committees  should  establish 
the  events  and  have  them  lived  up  to ;  for  instance,  during  the 
Olympic  Games  at  Paris  one  individual  won  the  Olympic  Cham- 
pionship for  fishing  in  the  Seine  for  live  fish.  At  St.  Louis,  in  the 
same  way,  and  under  Olympic  sanction,  there  was  a  roque  cham- 
pionship, a  sport  which  is  unknown  in  other  countries ;  and  speak- 
ing of  scoring  points  in  championships,  if  one  takes  in  all  events 
held  under  the  Olympic  series,  the  St.  Louis  Olympic  Games 
furnish  some  interesting  data,  for  the  committee,  under  instruc- 
tions from  the  International  Committee,  had  about  390  individual 
Olympic  events  contested.  Out  of  these  about  fourteen  were 
won  by  foreigners ;  and,  scoring  on  the  point  system,  America 
scored  close  to  3,500  points  in  these  Olympic  events  at  St. 
Louis ;  in  other  words,  more  points  by  many  hundreds  that  was 
scored  by  all  other  nations  at  Athens  in  1896,  and  Athens  in 
1906.  Nevertheless,  we  publish  in  this  volume  a  complete  record 
of  all  Olympic  events  that  were  held  at  Athens.  The  final 
classifications  will  prove  interesting. 

By  classification,  in  one  event — the  all-round  gymnastic  cham- 
pionship— France  had  four  men  who  received  first  prizes,  Ger- 
many four,  Italy  three,  and  Bohemia  one.  While  that,  perhaps, 
is  a  good  system  of  scoring,  it  would  be  much  better  if  a  con- 
clusion could  be  arrived  at  as  to  the  real  championship,  not 
have  it  divided  among  fourteen  men,  and  allow  certain  coun- 
tries to  score  four  first  prizes  in  one  event.  If  fourteen  men 
were  tied  for  first  place  or  one  was  equal  to  the  other,  the 
method  for  scoring  should  be  to  divide  the  points,  and  each 
man  would  thus  be  credited  with  one-fourteenth  of  a  champion- 
ship ;  or,  the  fourteen  should  go  still  further  and  have  a  real 
champion.  In  another  classification — gymnastics — France  re- 
ceived three  first  prizes,  Italy  three,  Germany  two,  and  Hungary 


Royalty  as  Officials 

The  Olympic  Games  of  1906  will  long  be  remembered  by  the 
contesting  athletes  from  the  fact  that  the  games  were  conducted 
under  royal  patronage  and  the  interest  that  the  royal  family 
took  in  the  Olympic  Games  was  simply  astonishing. 


CASPAR  WHITNEY, 
President  American  Committee  Olympic  Games,  1906. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  19 

The  King  and  the  royal  family  attended  the  games  each  day 
and  occupied  their  official  positions  in  the  royal  box.  The  games 
commenced  upon  the  arrival  of  the  royal  family,  and  after 
the  reception  of  the  King  and  Queen,  the  King's  sons  would 
immediately  take  their  places  on  the  field  to  conduct  the  athletic 
events.  As  President  of  the  Olympic  Committee,  the  Crown 
Prince  presided.  Prince  George  and  Prince  Nicholas  were  the 
ones  that  were  mainly  responsible  for  the  successful  carrying  on 
of  the  athletic  events,  Prince  George  as  president  of  the  jury, 
acting  as  referee.  Prince  Andrew  directed  the  fencing  events 
and  other  sports  outside  the  Stadium.  Prince  George  conducted 
the  athletic  games  in  a  masterly  manner. 

I  have  attended  a  great  many  athletic  events  in  Europe  and 
America,  but  during  my  experience,  extending  over  a  period  of 
thirty  years,  I  have  never  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting  men  in 
athletics  that  equaled  the  Princes  in  their  manner  of  conducting 
athletic  games,  in  their  knowledge  of  athletics,  in  their  absolute 
desire  to  be  fair,  and  in  their  ever-readiness  to  discuss  impar- 
tially all  protests.  The  Princes  did  not  care  a  particle  who  won ; 
they  wanted  to  see  the  best  man  win,  and  in  competition  they 
quickly  decided  all  points  brought  to  their  attention,  and  in 
many  cases  they  decided  against  their  own  athletes — the  Greeks. 
Someone  may  criticise  some  minor  point  in  the  Olympic  Games 
of  1906,  but  I  doubt  if  anyone  can  claim  that  he  was  not  hon- 
estly treated  and  courteously  listened  to  whenever  he  had  a 
question  to  ask.  The  knowledge  of  athletics  which  the  Princes 
possessed  was  simply  astonishing.  When  it  came  to  putting  the 
shot,  throwing  the  discus,  throwing  the  stone,  when  a  point 
arose  as  to  whether  a  man  had  stepped  an  eighth  of  an  inch 
over  the  circle ;  in  fact,  when  there  was  a  dispute  of  any  kind, 
the  Princes  decided — and  decided  honestly — and  according  to  the 
athletic  law.  Thus  it  can  be  seen  that  the  Princes  have  given 
a  great  deal  of  thought  and  consideration  to  the  Olympic  Games. 
At  no  time  were  they  corisTcIered  as  interfering  with  the  com- 
petition ;  far  from  it,  in  fact,  it  is  well  known  that  many  of  the 
contestants  and  officials  refused  to  go  on  until  one  of  the  Princes 
was  there  to  see  that  there  was  no  possible  chance  of  anything 
but  fair  play  and  to  see  to  the  interests  of  all  the  contestants 
and  not  to  some.  Prince  George,  the  president  of  the  jury,  en- 
deared himself  to  all  the  contestants,  and  much  of  the  success 
of  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906,  which  was  without  doubt  the 
greatest  athletic  carnival  ever  held  in  the  world,  was  due  en- 
tirely to  the  fact  that  the  Princes  took  such  interest  in  the 
games  and  conducted  them  as  they  should  have  been  conducted — 
with  great  dignity. 


J.  W.  CURTISS, 

Treasurer  American  Finance  Committee, 
Olympic  Games,  1906. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  21 

King  George  exhibited  great  interest  in  the  athletic  events, 
and  on  one  occasion  during  a  visit  to  the  arena,  in  which  he 
chatted  pleasantly  with  the  officials,  he  expressed  to  the  American 
Commissioner  the  desire  that  President  Roosevelt  of  the  United 
States  might  be  present  to  witness  the  remarkable  games  of  1906. 
He  talked  for  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  about  the  President, 
evinced  the  greatest  interest  in  his  doings,  stated  that  he  follow- 
ed each  and  every  event  in  his  career  minutely,  and  admiring 
him  because  he  was  fond  of  r ports,  fond  of  athletics ;  in  fact,  the 
King  said,  "This  is  just  the  kind  of  a  meeting  your  President 
would  like  to  witness/'  Therefore,  is  it  any  wonder  that  the 
Olympic  Games  of  1906  will  go  down  in  history  as  a  great  ath- 
letic event ;  is  it  any  wonder  that  all  are  unit  that  Athens  is  the 
one  place  to  hold  Olympic  Games,  when  we  have  there  such  fine 
sportsmen  as  the  King  and  his  sons,  who  are  so  deeply  interested 
in  athletics?  I  doubt  if  we  can  scan  the  world  over  and  find  a 
royal  family  that  interests  itself  as  they  do  and  feel  as  they  do 
towards  Olympic  Games. 

The  Olympic  Games  are  to  go  on  at  Athens ;  they  are  to  be 
held  every  four  years,  and  no  matter  where  other  Olympic 
Games  are  held,  when  the  games  at  Athens  are  announced,  under 
the  Presidency  of  the  Crown  Prince  and  the  patronage  of  the 
King  of  Greece,  those  games  will  be  features  of  the  athletic 
world. 

There  was  an  indescribable  element  in  relation  to  the  Olympic 
Games  of  1906  that,  somehow  or  other,  the  average  foreign  visi- 
tor could  not  grasp.  Never  before  had  one  interested  in  sport 
been  surrounded  by  such  an  element  as  enveloped  him  at  Athens. 
It  could  not  have  been  the  impression  that  the  marble  Stadium 
made  upon  one ;  it  was  not  the  fact  that  one  was  in  ancient 
Athens,  amid  its  historical  ruins ;  there  was  -something  else 
which  made  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906  the  most  remarkable 
.  athletic  gathering  ever  held  in  the  world.  One  athletically  in- 
\  clined  could  observe  that  there  was  an  atmosphere  which  is  for- 
eign to  athletic  followers,  either  in  America,  Great  Britain,  Aus- 
tralia or  elsewhere.  The  people  seemed  enthused  over  something 
that  meant  more  than  sport ;  they  had  taken  hold  of  the  Olympic 
Games,  and,  apparently,  to  them  these  Olympic  Games  were 
a  sacred  festival.  "Olympic  Games !"  was  all  they  thought  of. 
Celebrating  them  in  true,  royal  style  was  their  main  thought. 

Athletically,  we  have  had  superior  meetings.  At  Paris,  the 
most  remarkable  team  of  athletes  that  ever  departed  from 
America  competed  and  won  the  major  portion  of  the  prizes.  At 
St.  Louis,  the  athletic  events  were  high  class,  and  the  greatest 
athletes  in  the  world  won  Olympic  honors.  The  games  at  St. 


DAVID  R.  FRANCIS. 
President  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  23 

Louis  were  well  attended,  the  large  stand  being  filled  each  day. 
Similar  comments  could  be  made  regarding  the  Olympic  Games 
at  Paris.  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  these  Olympic  Games 
at  St.  Louis  and  at  Paris  were  grand  in  their  way — athletically 
speaking — they  lacked  that  something  that  one  only  found  upon 
arrival  at  Athens.  In  other  words,  the  spirit  of  the  Olympic 
Games,  to  the  Greeks,  "meant  something;"  it  was  their  royal 
function. 

The  history  of  the  Olympic  Games  is  part  of  the  history  of 
the  Greeks.  These  games,  to  the  Greeks,  brought  reminiscences 
of  the  days  of  the  Greek  splendors  and  supremacy;  that  spirit 
of  sacredness  pervaded  the  people  from  the  peasants  to  the  royal 
family.  In  other  words,  the  Olympic  Games  seemed  to  be  a 
royal  function  from  start  to  finish.  The  average  American  will 
better  understand  what  the  meaning  of  the  Olympic  Games  to 
the  Greeks  is  by  reading  the  following  article  from  the  Greek 
daily  paper,  Asty.  This  article  was  attributed  to  His  Royal 
Highness  the  Crown  Prince,  and  it  clearly  shows  the  feeling  of 
the  people  towards  the  Olympic  Games. 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  OLYMPIC  GAMES. 

On  April  22d  Greece  will  open  the  first  and  largest  station  of 
its  civilization.  Actually  the  first  International  Olympic  Games 
will  take  place.  And  the  first  ones  with  the  hope  of  a  brighter 
national  future;  the  games  that  have  already  invited  to  a  uni- 
versal feast  all  the  beautiful  bodies,  all  the  brave  minds,  the 
best  stock  of  the  world's  nations. 

The  bell  of  armistice  has  rung.  As  it  was  during  the  ancient 
times  at  Altis,  to-day  at  the  Panathenian  Stadium,  all  the  na- 
tions put  aside  their  enmities  and  hatred  before  the  Goddess  of 
Peace.  Athens,  with  the  olive  branch  in  her  lips,  draws  toward 
her  the'  future  victors  of  the  Olympic  Games  from  all  over  the 
world.  As  for  us,  all  the  political,  social  and  human  enmities 
are  put  aside.  We  are  the  Greeks !  Greeks  with  the  ancient 
spirit  transplanted  in  Greece  of  the  present  and  of  the  future. 
Beyond  Greece  the  nations  and  people  are  thinking  and  are  talk- 
ing about  the  Olympic  Games,  the  name  of  which  is  as  sweet  as 
honey  and  is  a  hymn  of  peace  to  their  ears. 

They  envy  us.  Yes,  they  envy  us.  It  is  not  the  antiquity, 
neither  the  noble  games  of  ancient  times;  it  is  not  the  archaic 
sight  of  the  spectacle  nor  the  archaic  spirit  in  general  that  sur- 
rounds us.  No !  these  are  not  the  only  things  that  turn  the 
looks  toward  Greece,  our  country.  It  is  this  modern  Greece  that 
ventures  to  undertake  with  courage  the  Olympic  Games.  All 


+3 

.2 


0> 

u 

c 


31 

<1 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  25 

the  athletes  and  all  those  who  adorn  their  bodies,  also  all  the 
peacemakers  of  the  world,  and  all  the  kings  and  princes  of  the 
world  will  be  asking  who  are  these  pigmies  anyway,  who  are 
these  fellows  who  are  plunged  in  political  enmities,  those  who 
have  been  conquered  in  1897;  who  are  these  who  dreamt  and 
after  having  dreamt  realized  the  resurrection  of  the  most  noble 
and  the  most  great  by  nature  social  circle,  the  circle  around 
which  all  the  Greeks,  as  if  they  were  one  soul,  were  casting  lots, 
were  feeling,  were  struggling,  developing,  strengthening  and 
civilizing  themselves? 

This  secret  question  is  put  forth  by  all  foreigners  who  will 
come  here  from  all  over  the  world.  We  Greeks  must  feel  proud 
for  undertaking  this  attempt.  At  this  point  our  pride  must  be 
turned  with  gratitude  towards  that  serious  person  who  presides 
over  this  work  of  civilization,  we  mean  towards  His  Royal  High- 
ness the  Crown  Prince  of  Greece. 

Without  the  splendor  of  his  personality  it  would  have  been 
impossible  for  the  Olympic  Games  to  be  considered  from  a 
civilizing  and  national  point  of  view.  The  work  of  a  commander 
in  war  as  a  civilizer  "of  the  government  is  not  superior  to  the 
work  of  the  peacemaker  as  a  civilizer  of  a  nation. 

Up  to  the  time  when  the  Crown  Prince  of  Greece  will  triumph 
as  a  Greek  Commander  in  war  let  every  noble  child  of  Greece 
regard  him  as  the  greatest  civilizer  of  Greece  by  means  of  his 
mental  and  his  beautiful  works  of  peace.  The  Crown  Prince  is 
now  for  Greece  what  Hermes  has  been  during  the  ancient  times. 
He  is  the  man  of  letters  of  Greece.  He  is  her  sporting  Hermes. 
As  a  man  of  letters  he  presided  over  the  first  International 
Archaeological  Council,  a  work  of  civilization.  As  a  sportsman 
he  is  the  President  of  the  first  Olympic  Games,  a  work  of  civil- 
ization as  well. 

When  I  was  beyond  the  River  Jordan,  in  the  Desert,  by  the 
Dead  Sea,  and  was  looking  proudly  at  the  Greek  monasteries 
(the  word  monastery  taken  in  its  most  national  meaning)  that 
were  found  here  and  there  like  blooming  oases,  and  was  looking 
at  these  monasteries  like  divine  spectacles  of  Grecian  civilization, 
the  Patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  who  happened  to  be  there  at  the 
time  and  who  was  observing  with  a  patriotic  look  the  sacred 
towers  of  Greek  influence  and  power  at  Palestine,  turned  and 
whispered  to  me,  "Do  you  see !  we  are  the  civilizers  of  the 
Desert;  of  the  Desert  full  of  horror  and  of  ancient  chill." 

The  Crown  Prince  of  Greece  is  to-day  the  pioneer  of  progress 
and  of  light  of  the  Desert  around  us,  of  the  Desert  as  a  nation, 
full  of  horror,  chill  and  fears. 


MR.  GEORGE  AVEROFF, 

Who  contributed  the  money  to  rebuild  the  Stadium.    A  statue  has  been 

erected  to  the  right  of  the  Stadium  entrance  in  his  honor. 

The  Stadium  is  his  monument. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  27 

We  must  acknowledge  that  all  these  beautiful  works,  the  works 
that  are  full  of  power,  of  vim,  and  of  civilization,  we  must  ac- 
knowledge with  a  national  pride  that  it  is  only  through  the  high 
and  enthusiastic  patronage  of  His  Royal  Highness  the  Crown 
Prince  that  such  works  were  able  to  inspire  the  confidence  of 
the  people  and  of  nations  to  exercise  a  spirit  of  proselytism 
toward  Greece  and  to  draw  the  love  toward  us  regardless  of  our 
|  political  quarrels  and  differences. 

Just  watch !  All  those  who  pressed  by  the  fetters  of  diplomacy 
do  not  show  their  sympathies  toward  the  Greek  nation  and  ap- 
pear as  enemies  toward  us,  all  these  people  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Olympic  spirit  of  these  games,  the  tender  and  peaceful 
spirit,  extend  a  friendly  hand  to  all  of  us ;  they  greet  us  with 
the  utmost  sympathy,  as  if  they  wanted  us  only  as  peacemakers 
and  civilizers  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula.  It  may  be  that  diplo- 
macy has  ordained  that  the  victory  of  modern  Greece  should  be 
limited  to  the  great  and  splendid  works  of  peace.  And  this  is 
a  great  victory.  It  is  a  victory  under  the  wings  of  which  we 
bring  together  to-day  like  brothers  all  the  nations  of  the  world. 
It  is  a  victory  under  the  wings  of  which  we  hide  carefully  our 
dreams,  our  hopes. 

The  Crown  Prince  of  Greece  is  the  first  creator  and  the  first 
inspirer  of  these  great  enterprises.  This  renders  him  more  re- 
spectable to  all  Greeks  who  love  their  country  even  beyond  his 
august  title.  The  Crown  Prince  carries  away  to-day  the  triumph 
that  Diagoras  used  to  lead  during  the  old  times,  Diagoras 
towards  whom  the  multitudes  of  Olympia  were  turning  their 
looks  with  a  national  pride.  These  Olympic  Games  are  an  honor 
to  him.  It  is  an  honor  coming  from  the  whole  civilized  world. 
There  is  nothing  that  prevents  him  from  exhibiting  his  refined 
spirit  and  his  ardent  desire,  as  a  Crown  Prince  of  Greece,  for 
the  success  of  the  games.  Neither  his  official  position  nor 
diplomacy  could  prevent  him.  The  energy,  the  life,  the  strength 
with  which  he  acts,  spread  all  over  a  very  pure  and  bright  ray 
of  ancient  glory.  These  games  are  his  own  inspiration — the  in- 
spiration of  the  nation  toward  him,  the  nation  itself.  They  are 
to-day  his  ideal  sphere  around  which  he  works,  lives,  moves  and 
feels ;  they  are  as  a  living  pillar  of  antiquity  which  he  uses  as  a 
support  for  the  modern  Greek  spirit  with  his  ambitions. 


The  whole  nation  feels  a  sacred  emotion  when  the  name  of 
Olympic  Games  is  mentioned.  The  nation  feels  this  emotion  be- 
cause the  Olympic  Games  is  a  feast  of  the  whole  nation.  In  the 


CAPTAIN  F.  HANSEN, 

President  of  the  Danish  Olympic 

Committee. 

COLONEL  V.  BALCK, 

President  of  the  Swedish  Olympic 

Committee. 


ADMIRAL  V.  HANSEN, 

President  of  the  United  Athletic 

Societies  of  Denmark. 

LIEUTENANT  CARL  HJORTH, 
Sweden. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  29 

midst  of  the  sorrows  which  the  nation  suffers  from  its  govern- 
ment, in  the  midst  of  the  persecutions  which  the  nation  suffers 
from  the  Powerful,  she  looks  upon  the  Olympic  Games  as  a  high- 
way towards  progress,  a  highway  that  has  as  a  starting  point  the 
first  years  of  the  nation's  history.  The  nation  rejoices,  moreover, 
seeing  that  the  Crown  Prince  takes  the  initiative  for  this  pro- 
gress by  means  of  these  games,  and  feels  that  he  is  the  summing 
up  and  the  incarnation  of  the  most  noble  ideals  of  his  race.  Con- 
sidering all  these,  a  cry  at  the  Stadium  from  thousands  of  Greeks, 
"Long  live  the  Crown  Prince,"  will  be  the  best  prize  for  the 
most  invaluable  work  he  has  undertaken  to  do. 


The  Luncheon  of  the  King 

On  the  last  day  of  the  Olympic  Games  His  Majesty  King 
George  gave  a  luncheon  at  the  palace  to  the  official  representa- 
tives from  each  country,  members  of  the  International  Commit- 
tee, ministers  from  each  country,  and  those  officially  connected 
with  the  Olympic  Games.  At  this  luncheon  His  Majesty  the 
King  read  the  following  address : 

"I  feel  the  greatest  joy  in  seeing  around  me  the  representatives 
of  almost  all  the  nations  that  take  an  interest  in  gymnastics  and 
\  athletics.  It  is  a  great  honor  for  Greece  that  every  one  has 
striven  to  gain  the  reward  of  the  victory  in  Athens.  The  recol- 
lections of  ancient  times,  the  patriotism  of  Averoff,  and  the  zeal 
of  the  Greek  nation  have  proved  that  my  capital  is  by  way  of 
excellence  the  best  city  that  can  with  courage  entertain  strangers 
who  have  an  aspiration  of  getting  athletic  laurels.  It  is  from 
you,  who  represent  the  international  ideas  about  gymnastics  and 
the  different  athletic  games,  it  is  from  you  that  we  expect  to 
hear,  whether  these  games,  organized  according  to  the  laws  of 
the  Greek  kingdom  by  a  committee  presided  over  by  my  son  and 
Crown  Prince  of  Greece,  have  proved  to  be  successful.  One 
thing,  however,  that  I  consider  to  be  my  duty  and  my  pleasure, 
is  to  extend  the  expression  of  my  sincere  thanks  for  your 
kindness  in  coming  here  from  all  over  the  world  in  response  to 
the  invitation  of  Greece.  You  can  be  sure,  gentlemen,  and  I 
beg  you  to  transmit  this  from  my  part  to  all  the  governments, 
committees,  clubs  and  societies  that  you  may  represent,  that  the 
royal  family  of  Greece  and  the  Greek  nation  have  been  exceed- 
ingly happy  in  having  you  with  them  during  these  beautiful 
days.  Also  that  they  will  feel  the  same  pleasure  every  four 
years  when,  according  to  the  laws  of  the  Greek  Kingdom,  Greece 
will  have  the  opportunity  to  renew  the  bonds  of  peace  with  all 


COMMANDANT  LEFEBURE. 

Secretary  of  the  Belgium  Olympic 

Committee. 

J.  FOKIANOS. 

Greece. 


BARON  DE  LAVELEGE, 

President  of  the  Belgium  Olympic 

Committee. 

LIEUTENANT  C.  WALLENIUS. 
Sweden. 


^ 

^asiTY  I 

SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  ?N\K^'    81 

the  nations  with  whom  she  is  happy  to  co-operate  for  the  good 
of  civilization  and  of  progress." 


At  a  reception  given  by  the  American  Minister,  Mr.  J.  B. 
Jackson,  at  the  American  Legation,  Prince  George  requested  the 
American  Commissioner  to  take  with  him  to  America  the  kindest 
regards  from  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Greece  to  President 
Roosevelt,  wishing  him  good  health  and  prosperity,  and  extend- 
ing to  him  sincere  thanks  for  his  interest  in  the  Olympic  Games 
of  1906. 

It  is  doubtful  if  any  celebration  ever  held  by  the  Athenians  ex- 
celled in  importance  these  Olympic  Games,  and  their  in- 
terest enthused  everyone  else.  Athletes  from  all  parts 
of  the  world,  visitors  from  everywhere,  innumerable  lan- 
guages being  spoken,  everything  having  a  gay  holiday  attire. 
But  it  was  the  serious  way-  in  which  the  Greeks  considered  the 
Olympic  Games  which  interested  the  Americans ;  never  before 
had  they  seen  such  great  interest  taken  in  anything  pertaining 
to  athletics,  for  the  games  held  in  this  country  take  on  a  differ- 
ent aspect.  The  interest  they  took  was  astonishing;  the  crowds 
simply  enormous.  Fifty  thousand  people  were  on  hand  each 
day  that  the  Olympic  Games  were  held  in  the  Stadium  and  they 
were  orderly  and  patient.  They  were  all  interested  in  the  ath- 
letic events ;  they  didn't  care  so  much  about  the  boating,  shoot- 
ing, tennis  or  wrestling,  as  they  did  in  what  they  termed  the 
two  classic  events — the  Greek  style  of  throwing  the  discus,  .and 
the  Marathon  race.  Both  of  these  events  are  described  else- 
where, with  a  report  in  detail  of  them  athletically.  To -show, 
however,  the  great  interest  taken  in  the  Marathon  race  by  the 
Greeks,  their  ideas  about  it  and  their  feelings,  an  article  in  The 
Estia,  a  Greek  daily  paper,  is  given  herewith.  It  is  worth  read- 
ing and  those  of  us  in  America  who  look  upon  athletics  lightly 
might  take  from  it  a  few  points : 

THE  GREAT  DAY  OF  THE  MARATHON' RACE. 

THE  "ESTIA"  INTERVIEWS  THE  RUNNERS — COUTOULAKIS  HAS 
SWORN,  "VICTORY  OR  DEATH." — THE  GREEK  VICTORY  DEPENDS 
ON  THE  GREEK  SUN. 

The  great  day,  the  day  so  impatiently  waited   for,  the  day 'of 
hopes,  the  day  of  agonies,  triumph  and  emotion  has  come  at  last. 
I  wonder  whether  Greek  will  be  the  fortunate  winner? 


GENERAL   COUNT    VON    DER    ASSEBURG. 

(Germany) 
President  of  the  Imperial  Committee  of  the  Olympic  Games, 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  33 

This  is  the  general  desire,  the  desire  of  thousands  of  people 
who  are  watching  these  games  with  a  great  enthusiasm  and  in- 
terest, both  inside  and  outside  the  Stadium.  The  Marathon  race 
is,  so  to.  say,  the  basis  of  the  games  and  right  from  the  start 
has  become  the  center  of  interest  and  has  concentrated  all  the 
hopes,  expectations  and  dreams. 

By  way  of  excellence  it  is  the  most  important  game  which 
will  draw  myriads  of  spectators  within  the  Stadium  as  well  as 
^titside  and  beyond  it,  in  the  road  of  Kifissia,  in  order  to  receive 
the  first  runner,  the  famous  winner. 

Quite  a  number  of  athletes  will  take  part.  The  total  number 
of  foreigners  and  Greeks  who  will  take  part  in  it  is  estimated 
to  be  73.  Most  of  them  are  Greeks  from  Turkey  and  from  the 
proper  Greece. 

Out  of  the  seventy-three  runners  entered,  seven  are  English, 
seven  are  Americans,  two  Australians,  five  Swedish,  three 
Frenchmen,  two  Germans,  three  Danish,  one  Bohemian,  two 
Norwegians,  one  Belgian,  two  Canadians,  and  one  Austrian.  The 
rest  are  Greeks.  These  runners  have  been  examined  by  a  Ger- 
man physician  and  have  been  sent  to  Marathon  in  carriages. 

Who  will  be  the  lucky  one?  To  whom  will  the  strength  give 
wings  to  run,  to  fly,  to  surpass  the  others,  to  win,  to  be  crowned? 

Will  it  be  one  of  the  foreigners,  the  American,  the  Swedish, 
the  Australian,  the  Canadian?  What  about  the  select  Greeks? 
What  about  Coutoulakis?  No  one  could  preconceive,  no  one 
could  foresee  anything.  The  hour  of  the  race  is  near  by  and 
holding  back  our  impatience  let  us  quietly  wait  for  the  result. 

The  starting  line  is  fixed  at  775  meters  after  the  41  kilom. 
from  Athens.  The  point  of  arrival  will  be  the  Panathenaic 
Stadium.' 

Beginning  this  noon,  all  the  streets  through  which  the  runners 
of  the  Marathon  race  will  pass,  are  crowded  with  curious  people. 
The  interest  of  the  people  cannot  be  described  and  everyone  is 
anxiously  waiting  for  the  time  of  their  arrival. 

As  it  was  decided  the  start  of  the  runners  from  Marathon 
will  be  made  at  3  p.  m.  The  distance  between  Marathon  and 
the  Stadium  is  42  kilometers. 

A  force  of  one  thousand  horsemen  will  undertake  to  keep  the 
order  from  Marathon  to  Athens.  In  every  500  meters  there  will 
be  guards  and  soldiers,  also  ambulances  for  those  who  may  meet 
with  an  accident  and  who  could  not  continue  their  way.  In 
every  five  kilometers  there  will  be  doctors,  nurses  and  medicines, 
to  take  care  of  those  who  may  get  hurt.  On  the  opposite  hill, 
where  the  Department  of  Equipment  of  War  Supplies  is  located, 


V     OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


DR.  W.  GEBHARDT, 

(Germany) 
Secretary  of  the  Imperial  Committee,  Olympic  Games. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  35 

a  cannon  will  be  placed  and  a  shot  will  be  fired  to  announce  the 
arrival  of  the  runners. 

Considering  the  distance  between  Marathon  and  Athens,  which 
is  42  kilometers,  also  considering  that  the  best  runner  could  run 
this  distance  in  two  hours  and  fifteen  minutes,  it  is  calculated 
that  the  victor  of  this  race  will  reach  the  Stadium  between  5:15 
and  6:00  p.  m.  It  is  most  probable  that  Coutoulakis  will  carry 
the  triumph.  That  is  a  great  and  imposing  moment  for  the 
Stadium.  The  Crown  Prince  has  allowed  the  band  of  the  Guard 
to  play  as  soon  as  the  victor  enters  the  Stadium,  a  march  that 
was  specially  composed  by  the  master  musician  of  the  Imperial 
Guard,  which  march  is  dedicated  to  the  victor  of  the  Marathon 
race.  This  march  which,  it  is  said,  was  composed  with  a  great 
inspiration,  begins  with  the  words  "Like  a  spark  hidden  in  the 
ashes,"  then  follows  a  strophe  of  the  national  Greek  hymn,  then 
different  pieces  taken  from  the  hymns  of  the  foreign  nations 
and  the  composition  ends  with  the  last  phrase  of  our  national 
hymn. 

Besides  the  other  gifts  to  be  offered  to  the  victor  of  the  Mara- 
thon race  we  have  to  report  the  following : 

The  "Louvre,"  the  large  firm  of  Mr.  Cauellopoulos,  will  do- 
nate the  statue  of  Hermes.  The  baker,  Nicolas  Raptis,  will  fur- 
nish him  one  loaf  of  bread  daily  for  one  year.  The  coffeehouse 
man,  K.  Krekmazis,  will  furnish  him  with  three  coffees  daily 
for  one  year.  The  barber,  Orphanidis,  offers  to  shave  him  gratis 
for  the  rest  of  his  life.  Mr.  Karanikas,  hotelkeeper,  offers  to 
give  a  luncheon  every  Sunday  for  a  year  to  the  victor  and  to 
five  of  his  friends,  provided  the  victor  is  a  Greek. 

CANADA  WINS  THE  MARATHON  RACE. 

THE    ETERNAL    VICTOR    OF    YESTERDAY — CANADIAN    THE    ANGEL 

FROM  MARATHON. 

The  hearts  of  all  Greeks  were  beating  fast  and  in  agony  yes- 
terday. We  cannot  say  whether,  the  hearts  of  ancient  Greeks 
were  beating  faster  when  they  were  expecting  to  hear  the  news 
of  the  battle  of  Marathon  than  the  hearts  of  modern  Greeks  ex- 
pecting to  hear  and  to  know  the  winner  of  this  deadly  and  very 
fatiguing  but  famous  race.  One  could  almost  count  the  people 
who  were  indifferent,  for  yesterday's  events.  It  was  but  natural. 
Even  the  most  cold  and  indifferent  people  of  the  north  have 
turned  to  be  warm  and  excited  people  of  the  south,  and  we  have 
seen  Englishmen*  watching  in  agony  the  results  of  the  100  meter 
races.  How  was  it  possible  for  the  Greeks  not  to  get  excited 


D.  N.  BOTASSI, 

Greek  Consul,  New  York. 

Member  of  the  American  Committee  to  the  Olympic  Games,  Athens,  1906. 


OF  THE 


Hi          A 

*S1TY  ] 


UNIVERSITY 

_  <)F 

SPALDING'S1  ATHLETIC 

when  the  question  was  about  a  race  that  their  history  has  created, 
a  race  much  higher  than  the  common  human  nature,  a  race  so 
dangerous  and  tragical  and  so  famous? 

The  science  of  athletics,  simply  the  science,  more  simply  the 
philanthropy,  do  not  approve  of  this  fearful  event;  it  is,  how- 
ever, the  courage,  the  danger,  the  fatigue,  the  pain  of  the  Mara- 
thon race  that  kindle  a  strong  flame  around  the  hair  of  the  victor 
of  the  Marathon  race.  The  event  of  1896  had  given  credulity 
to  the  Greeks,  something  very  natural,  the  result  of  which  was 
yesterday's  hope  and  agony.  This  agony  was  also  increased  by 
reports  of  the  newspapers  about  the  Greek  runners :  "Coutoul- 
akis  had  taken  the  holy  sacrament  and  was  swearing  either  to 
win  or  to  die" — an  awkward  and  exaggerated  thought  but  very 
honouring  for  the  poor  Greek,  a  thought  that  shows  to  what 
extent  the  Greek  pride  can  reach  when  induced  by  noble  games. 

The  result  was  contrary  to  the  Greek  expectations  and  hopes. 
The  victor  was  a  foreigner, — a  Canadian.  The  news  yesterday 
brought  sorrow ;  to-day,  however,  when  Greeks  wake  up,  cool- 
headed,  they  find  out  that  they  have  been  very  optimistic.  We 
are  in  a  position,  to-day,  to  think  that  we  have  striven  in  this 
race  against  giants  of  art  and  resistance.  The  Stadium  had 
already  informed  us  that  the  foreigners  were  the  runners  and 
not  ourselves.  The  Americans  have  thrown  into  consternation 
all  the  spectators  with  their  art,  their  celerity,  their  resistance 
in  the  race  within  the  Stadium.  And  they  are  the  ones  that 
furnished  the  victor  of  the  Marathon  Race.  Sherring  ;is  an 
athlete  of  British-America,  Canada.  He  comes  from  the  country 
of  labor,  the  country  of  vast  space,  from  the  country  where  the 
people  are  accustomed  to  courageous  and  rash  actions.  The 
Marathon  race  is  a  rash  and  courageous  race,  and  that  antelope 
of  Canada,  armed  with  the  strength  of  its  climate,  with  prepara- 
tory exercises  and  the  feeling  of  vast  space,  has  beaten  all  the 
other  nations. 

What  a  delight  his  entrance  in  the  Stadium?  He  was  (hard  to 
be  believed)  cool,  flourishing,  indifferent,  ready  to  go  on  with 
his  running  if  it  was  not  for  the  sling  to  close  the  entrance. 

Short  and  thin,  and  ^ith  the  grace  of  a  gazelle,  he  was  still 
running  in  a  natural  way  as  if  he  was  then  starting.  The  Stad- 
ium roaring  the  triumph  and  his  glory,  had  him  before  it,  full 
of  strength  and  not  faint,  smiling  and  invincible.  He  had  the 
nerve  to  lift  his  head  and  to  look  at  the  crowds,  he  had  the 
strength  to  answer  the  salutations,  to  smile,  to  wave  the  flag  of 
his  nation,  and  to  bow  before  the  kings.  He  had  the  strength 
to  answer  to  the  voice  of  glory.  There  are  moments  when  we 
can  see  with  our  own  eyes  the  eternity.  This  small  man,  from 


F.  J.  V.  SKIFF, 

Director  of  Exhibits  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  who  was  re- 
sponsible for  St.  Louis  getting  the  Olympic  Games  of  1904;  a  member 
of  the  Finance  Committee  of  1906. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  39 

the  time  he  entered  the  porch  till  the  time  he  disappeared,  he 
was  living  as  if 'in  a  dream.  Time  has  counted  for  him  seconds 
of  eternity.  Greece  has  honored  the  victor  by  having  Prince 
George  accompany  him  within  the  Stadium.  The  tall  and  stout 
Prince  of  Crete  has  run  with  perfection  by  the  side  of  the  victor. 
He  accompanied  him  till  they  reached  the  place  of  the  Kings,: 
when  he  announced  his  victory,  saluting  and  with  thanks. 

ATHENS    WAITING   FOR   THE   VICTOR   OF   THE 
MARATHON  RACE. 


THE  SPLENDID  SPECTACLE  OF  THE  STADIUM. 

The  city  of  Athens  was  almost  dead  yesterday.  The  entire' 
population  had  taken  possession  of  the  Stadium,  the  streets  of 
Hirodis,  the  Atticus  and  of  Kifissia.  It  was  a  kind  of  labyrinth' 
all  around  these  places,  where  thousands  of  people  were  watch-- 
ing eagerly,  and  were  waiting  for  the  results  of  the  great  event. 

The  excitement  in  front  of  the  Stadium  began  at  2  p.  m.  The< 
military  guard,  also  a  band  of  eozonos,  were  placed  in  two  lines) 
in  front  of  the  porch,  in  order  to  prevent  the  concentration  of 
the  people  and  to  keep  order.  The  crowds  began  coming  to  the 
Stadium  one  hour  before  the  usual  time  and  the  number  of  them 
had  surpassed  the  number  of  previous  days.  According  to  rough 
calculations  at  least  60,000  must  have  entered  the  Stadium. 

It  was  5  130  p.  m.  when  the  games  in  the  Stadium  had  all  taken 
place.  The  news  of  the  loss  in  the  contest  of  discus  began  to 
spread  a  general  sadness  and  disgust  to  the  faces  of  those  pres- 
ent, to  the  faces  that  were  gay  a  little  while  ago.  I  wonder 
what  was  taking  place?  Was  it  a  messenger  of  bad  omens  that 
have  later  on  caused  the  sorrow  to  all  those  crowds,  the  crowds, 
that  were  expecting  to  see  at  least  a  corner  of  the  Greek  colors 
coming  in  triumphantly  through  the  porch.  What  was  that  in- 
visible sorrow  that  has  seized  all  the  seats  after  the  loss  of  the 
discus  contest?  It  is  true  that  the  unpleasant  rumors  did  not 
cease  coming  in  the  one  after  the  other.  That  same  moment  Mr. 
Mavronichalis'  automobile  arrived  with  M.  R.  Caridia,  the 
custodian  of  the  chronometer.  As  soon  as  they  arrived  the 
crowds  turned  their  looks  toward  them  and  were  trying  to 
prophesy  their  thoughts  and  their  heart.  Unfortunately  the  ex- 
pression on  their  faces  showed  other  than  joy. 

They  were  talking  loudly  with  the  members  of  the  committee, 
whose  faces  began  to  get  very  melancholic.  "All  is  through," 
said  some ;  "It  is  gone,  we  lost  it,"  cried  out  others. 


A.  L.  SHAPLEIGH, 

Chairman  Physical  Culture  Department  World's  Fair,  St.  Louis,  1904,  under 

whose  management  the  Olympic  Games  of  that  year  were  held;    member  of 

Finance  Committee  of  1906. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  4$ 

No  one,  however,  knew  anything  positive.  Finally,  one  of  the 
reporters  asked  a  member  of  the  committee  about  the  results 
and  he  loudly  answered  that  a  Canadian  comes  first.  The  news 
reached  the  ears  of  the  crowds  like  a  fierce  bomb.  The  whole 
Stadium  knew  then  that  a  foreigner  was  coming  first.  Sorrow 
\vas  depicted  on  the  faces  of  all.  The  committee  noticing  this, 
circulated  the  news  that  the  Canadian  was  first  by  a  kilometer 
and  that  a  Greek  followed. 

Hope  came  back  again.  "Courage,  boys,"  shouted  the  crowds ; 
"It  may  be  that  he  will  fall  down  like  Flak."  "Yes,  oh  yes;  he 
will  fall  going  up  the  hill,"  said  others. 

It  is  5  140  p.  m. ;  a  light  dew  begins  to  cover  the  seats.  It  was 
needed.  It  gives  life  to  the  dying  out  hopes.  As  the  minutes  go 
by,  however,  and  every  moment  begins  to  count,  the  anxiety  is 
increasing.  The  crowds  can  read  the  bitter  truth  in  the  expres- 
sion of  the  committee.  But  no  one  wants  to  believe  it,  no  one 
wants  to  accept  it.  What  will  then  happen?  At  this  time  new 
rumors  reach  the  ears  of  the  spectators.  The  Italian  and  the 
two  Frenchmen  have  fallen  down.  The  Greeks  an>  coming.  New 
hopes  and  new  expectations.  The  national  pride  is  in  danger. 
The  angel  of  Marathon  must  be  a  Greek,  like  the  one  of  the 
victory  of  Miltiadis,  and  in  the  memory  of  all  the  victory  of 
Louis  is  revived.  As  the  time  goes  by  the  victor  of  the  Mara- 
thon racje  of  the  first  Greek  Olympiad  is  presented  to  the  imag- 
ination of  all  like  a  sacred  icon  on  a  flag  that  is  hoisted  in  the 
midst  of  an  'international  arena. 

A  general  sadness  spread  over  the  expression  of  all  present, 
either  because  the  darkness  of  sunset  falls  on  them  or  because 
of  the  bad  news  that  they  are  getting.  Ten  minutes — or  rather 
600  seconds — are  only  left,  and  each  second  is  longer  than  a 
year,  and  each  moment  of  a  second  is  longer  than  a  whole  day. 
Suddenly  a  shot  is  fired  from  the  Rizarian  School. 

The  first  runner  goes  through  the  road  of  Kifissia.  Only  ten 
minutes  and  he  will  be  into  the  Stadium.  But  who  is  he?  To 
what  nationality  does  he  belong?  Nobody  knows.  "He  is  a  for- 
eigner," is  the  cry  of  the  crowds.  "It  is  impossible,"  say  others. 
"Both  the  first,  second,  and  third  are  foreigners,"  comes  the 
reply.  No  one  could  believe.  Never  mind.  Suddenly,  an  un- 
usual agitation  and  excitement  reigns  on  the  bridge  of  Ilissos 
and  further  beyond  the  road  of  Hirodis  the  Atticus. 

"He  is  coming!  He  is  coming!"  The  crowds  outside  of  the 
Stadium  are  shouting.  Whistles  and  the  steps  of  horses  a> 
nounce  the  arrival  of  the  first  victor  of  the  Marathon  race.  It  is 
a  moment  of  highest  spiritual  life.  The  crowds  in  the  Stadium 
are  now  standing.  The  first  victor  of  the  rae£  comes  in.  He  is 


M.  P.  HALPIN, 

Manager  and  Adviser  of  the  American  Team, 
Olympic  Games,  1906. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  43 

short  and  runs  so  softly  on  the  right,  that  one  could  say  that 
he  comes  from  the  bridge  of  Ilissos.  He  is  accompanied  by  Prince 
George  of  Crete.  All  those  present  applaud,  the  Stadium  pre- 
sents an  image  of  triumph,  as  soon  as  Sherring  from  Canada,  a 
British  subject,  makes  his  appearance. 

He  is  so  graceful,  so  unaffected,  he  salutes  so  politely  that  all 
forget  that  he  is  a  foreigner  and  continue  clapping  their  hands, 
shouting  out  hurrahs  and  applauding  the  victor.  He  was  not 
tired.  Only  his  thin  clothes  were  wet  from  perspiration.  Hav- 
ing reached  before  the  royal  seats  he  bowed  and  was  carried 
from  shoulder  to  shoulder  through  the  royal  entrance  to  the 
dressing  room. 

The  sorrow  of  the  spectators  was  succeeded  by  a  silent  grief 
soon  after  the  departure  of  the  victor.  Silence  reigns  all  over 
the  Stadium.  It  is  the  silence  of  the  highest  calamity.  A  gen- 
eral disgust  is  depicted  on  the  faces  of  all.  No  one  could  be- 
lieve that  the  victor  of  this  race  is  a  foreigner.  Fifteen  minutes 
have  passed  in  agony.  No  one  moved  from  his  seat.  Fifty 
thousand  spectators  are  standing  waiting  for  the  second  victor. 

New  whistles  and  a  great  excitement  beyond  the  Stadium  an- 
nounce the  arrival  of  the  second  victor.  "He  is  a  Greek,"  the 
crowds  are  shouting.  All  in  vain.  He  is  Svanberg,  a  Swede. 
Soon  after  him  comes  the  third  victor,  who  is  Frank,  an  Ameri- 
can. 

Of  the  three  victors  the  Canadian,  Sherring,  ran  the  distance 
from  Marathon  to  the  Stadium  in  2  hours  51  minutes  233-5  sec- 
onds, 7  minutes  28  seconds  less  than,  the  time  taken  by  Louis 
Svanberg  ran  this  distance  in  2  hours  58  minutes  2  4-5  seconds, 
and  Frank  in  3  hours  45  4-5  seconds. 


President  Roosevelt's  Greetings 

To  have  been  a  member  of  the  American  Olympic  team  was 
an  honor  that  any  athlete  can  justly  feel  proud  of,  and  the  fact 
that  our  President,  the  Hon.  Theodore  Roosevelt,  had  accepted 
the  Honorary  Presidency  of  the  American  Committee,  was  a 
tribute  to  all  who  were  connected  with  this  glorious  victory. 

After  the  games  were  over  and  the  American  victory  had  been 
heralded  over  the  world  and  President  Roosevelt  had  been  ad- 
vised how  our  athletes  performed,  the  receipt  of  the  following 
cablegram  pleased  all  the  boys  immensely : 


"UNCLE  SAM  IS  ALL  RIGHT." 

The  three  American  Flags  on  the  Announcing  Board  indicating  the  Nationality 
of  First,  Second  and  Third  men  in  the  Standing  Broad  Jump. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  40 

Washington,  May  3,  1906. 

Mr.     James     E.     Sullivan,     American     Commissioner,     Olympic 
Games. 

Hearty  congratulations  to  you  and  the  American  contestants. 
Uncle  Sam  is  all  right. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 

The  message  was  read  to  the  athletes  at  a  dinner  at  the 
Hermes  Hotel,  and  three  long  cheers  were  given  for  our  ath- 
letic President.  The  President  again  showed  his  deep  interest 
in  the  success  of  the  team,  as  is  shown  by  the  following  tele- 
gram which  was  received  as  soon  as  the  team  landed  from  the 
steamer  Republic  upon  their  return  to  New  York : 

Washington,  May  25,  1906. 
Mr.  James  E.  Sullivan,  New  York. 

Let  me  heartily  congratulate  you  and  all  the  members  of  the 
team  upon  their  admirable  showing.  Wre  are  all  proud  of  the 
record  they  made. 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 

These  messages  from  President  Roosevelt  not  only  pleased 
the  American  athletes,  but  they  also  pleased  the  members  of  the 
royal  family  and  the  Greek  Committee.  They  were  charmed  at 
the  President  taking  such  interest  in  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906. 

The  daily  papers  of  Athens  commented  quite  freely  on  the 
cable,  and  an  editorial  from  a  leading  Greek  daily  paper,  The 
Estva,  is  appended : 

UNCLE  SAM. 

Nothing  could  be  nicer  and  more  American-like  than  the  tele- 
gram of  the  enterprising  President  of  the  United  States  sent  to 
the  American  representative  and  American  laureate  athletes,  and 
published  in  yesterday's  Estia:  "Hearty  congratulations  to  you 
and  the  American  athletes.  Uncle  Sam  is  all  right."  Who  is 
this  "Uncle  Sam"  who  deigned  at  last  to  be  pleased  after  the 
tearing  up  by  the  roots  of  the  olive  tree  of  Altis  by  the  un- 
rivalled athletes  of  the  New  World  and  its  transportation  to  the 
United  States? 

Only  those  among  the  Greeks  know  him  who  read  European 
satirical  papers  and  magazines.  For  this  we  place  his  picture  in 
this  paper.  He  is  that  big  man  with  a  hat  like  a  chimney  and 
the  Star  Spangled  Banner  used  as  a  ribbon  around  it,  with  a 
long  nose  and  pointed  beard,  with  the  many  colored  jacket  and 
the  striped  short  trousers.  He  is  to  the  Americans  what  John 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  47 

Bull  is  to  the  English.     To  make  it  more  imposing  and  humor- 
istic,  he  is  the  country  of  the  Greeks. 

The  American  athletes,  as  well  as  the  United  States  repre- 
sentative, could  net  have  dreamed  of  anything  better,  of  anything 
greater,  than  to  have  the  first  American  citizen  interpret  by 
right  the  thoughts  and  desires  of  "Uncle  Sam." 

Many  cablegrams  besides  the  one  from  President  Roosevelt 
were  received.  One  from  Mr.  A.  G.  Spalding,  who  was  the 
American  Director  of  the  Olympic  Games  of  1900  at  Paris,  read 
as  follows :  "Pretty  work.  Congratulate  the  American  athletes 
on  their  glorious  victory  in  the  athletic  events."  Another  cable 
of  congratulation  was  received  from  Mr.  Robert  Kammerer  of 
the  New  York  Athletic  Club. 


It  is  doubtful  if  there  has  ever  been  an  Olympic  meeting,  or 
an  international  athletic  gathering,  that  attracted  so  many  dis- 
tinguished gentlemen  who  are  interested  in  the  development  of 
athletics  and  a  plan  to  organize  athletics,  through  all  countries 
of  the  world,  under  one  set  of  rules  was  discussed. 

In  talking  with  the  representatives  from  the  different  coun- 
tries, as  well  as  the  members  of  the  Greek  Committee,  it  was 
admitted  that  there  must  be  one  uniform  set  of  athletic  laws; 
and,  undoubtedly,  before  the  next  Olympic  Games  of  1910,  such 
a  code  will  be  adopted,  and  the  contestants  from  all  over  the 
world  will  go  to  Athens  fully  posted  as  to  how  each  and  every 
competition  is  to  be  contested  and  what  the  rules  are. 

In  attendance  at  the  Olympic  Games  were  many  members  of 
the  International  Committee,  and  they  held  several  conferences 
during  their  stay  in  Athens.  Among  those  who  were  very  promi- 
nent in  such  affairs  were :  Dr.  W.  Gebhardt,  Colonel  Balck, 
Comte  de  Rosen,  Comte  Brunetta  d'Usseaux,  Dr.  Jiri  Guth, 
Comte  Alex.  Mercati,  Baron  de  Tuyll. 

The  general  opinion  seems  to  be  that  there  is  a  great  future 
for  the  International  Committee  as  the  maker  of  international 
laws  and  as  a  body  to  sanction  international  competitions,  and 
there  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  but  what  it  will  be  absolutely 
necessary  for  the  Greek  Committee,  of  which  His  Royal  High- 
ness the  Crown  Prince  is  President,  and  the  International  Com- 
mittee, of  which  Baron  Pierre  de  Coubertin  is  President,  to 
come  to  some  definite  understanding  in  relation  to  Olympic 
Games  in  the  future,  and  I  confidently  predict  that  before  1910 
both  organizations  will  be  working  in  perfect  harmony. 

The  other  prominent  representatives  were :  From  Great 
Britain,  Lord  Desborough,  who  besides  being  active  in  the  man- 


SPALDING'S   ATHLETIO   LIBRARY.  49 

agement  of  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906,  was  likewise  a  contes- 
ttstant,  being  a  member  of  the  English  fencing  team;  France 
was  represented  by  M.  Pierre  Roy  and  M.  Farrand,  of  Paris; 
Jules  de  Muza,  of  Hungary ;  G.  S.  Robertson,  England ;  J.  Fow- 
kr  Dixon,  England;  W.  Hellstrom,  Sweden;  Mess.  E.  Dahl, 
Norway;  P.  J.  Muller,  Germany,  as  well  as  many  others,  known 
throughout  the  foreign  world  as  experts. 

It  was  regretted  by  a  great  many  that  Baron  Pierre  de  Couber- 
tin,  President  of  the  International  Olympic  Committee,  was  not 
present,  for  we  all  must  admit  that  to  Baron  Pierre  de  Coubertin 
must  be  credited  the  idea  of  forming  an  International  Olympic 
Committee  and  the  revival  of  the  Olympic  Games.  It  was  in 
June,  1894,  that  he  put  his  idea  into  operation  by  calling  together 
delegates  in  Paris.  It  was  this  committee  that  selected  Athens 
as  the  best  place  to  hold  the  Olympic  Games  in  the  year  1896. 


It  certainly  must  have  been  pleasing  to  the  Greek  Committee, 
particularly  His  Royal  Highness  the  Crown  Price,  to  have 
every  government  of  the  world  co-operate  with  him  and  the 
Greek  Committee  towards  making  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906 
the  most  remarkable  function  in  the  history  of  Olympic  Games 
since  their  revival. 

The  Honorable  Theodore  Roosevelt,  President  of  the  United 
States,  officially  recognized  the  Olympic  Games  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  Commissioner.  England,  Germany,  France,  Sweden, 
Holland,  Norway,  Denmark  and  other  countries,  were  likewise 
represented  by  one  or  more  Commissioners ;  thus  giving  to  the 
Olympic  Games  of  1906  an  official  standing  that  they  never  had 
before. 

The  fact  that  the  governments  officially  recognized  the  Olympic 
Games,  proves  conclusively  that  the  International  Olympic  Games 
of  the  future  will  be  more  than  mere  athletic  functions.  The 
Olympic  Games  of  1906  also  proved  that  many  governments  did 
more  than  officially  recognize  the  Olympic  Games ;  for  many  of 
the  teams  that  visited  Athens  during  1906  had  part  of  their  ex- 
penses defrayed  by  their  government. 

The  American  team  was  sent  on  money  received  by  popular 
subscription ;  and  much  of  this  money  was  raised  owing  to  the 
fact  that  our  worthy  President,  the  Honorable  Theodore  Roose- 
velt, approved  of  the  plan  and  accepted  the  position  of  Honorary 
President  of  the  American  Olympic  Committee. 

The  English  team  also  had  their  expenses  paid,  or  part  of 
them,  to  the  Olympic  Games  by  popular  subscription. 

Sweden's  team,  numbering  ninety  men,  received  5,000  kronens 


SFALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  51 

from  the  government;  and  they  raised,  by  private  subscription, 
5,000  kronens  more. 

The  French  team  received  10,000  francs  ($2,500)  from  the  gov- 
ernment, and  3,000  francs  ($750)  from  the  city  of  Paris. 

The  government  of  Norway  gave  3,000  kronens  ($810)  toward 
the  expenses  of  their  team. 

The  Austrian  team  received  from  the  city  of  Vienna,  a  donation 
of  1,000  kronens  ($200).  Twenty-nine  men  represented  Austria. 

The  team  from  Germany  received  from  the  government  12,000 
marks  ($2,850)  ;  the  balance  came  from  subscription.  No  less 
than  nineteen  men  on  the  German  team  paid  their  own  expenses. 

A  great  deal  of  credit  must  be  given  to  the  Greek  Committee 
for  its  liberal  contribution  to  each  foreign  committee.  It  con- 
tributed liberally  towards  the  expenses  of  all  teams  that  com- 
peted in  the  Olympic  Games. 

The  Equipment  and  Management  of  the  Games 

The  Greek  Committee  and  the  officials  deserve  a  great  deal  of 
praise  for  the  intelligent  manner  in  which  the  meeting  was 
conducted.  The  entry  was  a  large  one — the  largest  ever  re- 
ceived for  an  Olympic  meeting.  The  arrangement  of  the  heats 
and  the  order  of  events  were  most  satisfactorily  conducted.  The 
little  details  in  relation  to  the  paraphernalia  of  the  Stadium  were 
carefully  looked  after,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  track. 

The  track  in  the  Stadium,  owing  to  its  construction,  is  not  a 
track  for  fast  time — the  straights  being  long  and  the  corners 
sharp,  and  there  never  will  be  fast  racing  on  it  until  the  present 
construction  is  changed.  The  committee  are  now  at  work  on 
plans  whereby  the  corners  will  be  enlarged,  which  can  be  done 
without  interfering  with  the  track  in  any  manner. 

The  material  used  in  the  track  construction  was  the  same  as 
is  used  by  a  great  many  people  who  are  not  up-to-date  in  track 
building — cinders — and  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  cinders  will  not 
pack.  There  was  no  clay  whatever  used,  thus  rendering  it  soft 
and  heavy.  The  water  was  just  sprinkled  on  it,  and  it  was 
probably  as  heavy  going  as  any  country  road  after  a  rainstorm. 
The  track  has  a  good  foundation,  and  by  adding  to  it  at  least 
60  per  cent,  of  clay,  a  fast  track  with  good  footing  can  be  made. 

The  Greek  method  of  making  the  circles  for  the  weight  throw- 
ing is  superior  to  the  American  or  English  methods.  They  have 
it  raised  about  four  inches  and  as  a  result  it  is  an  easy  matter 
to  detect  a  foul. 

The  jumping  boxes  were  well  laid  out,  with  the  exception  that 
the  runs  used  were  not  long  enough  and  instead  of  having  four 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  5j 

runways  and  two  boxes,  there  was  only  one,  which,  of  course, 
made  it  impossible  to  use  the  two  boxes  at  the  one  time.  An- 
nouncing boards  at  each  side  of  the  field  showed  distinctly  just 
how  high  the  contestants  were  jumping  or  vaulting.  The  same 
can  be  said  for  the  announcing  boards  announcing  the  laps  in  the 
runs.  Their  method  of  marking  the  distances  for  the  weight 
events  was  an  improvement  on  ours  and  so  was  the  plan  used  in 
declaring  foul  throws  in  the  discus  (free  style). 

The  announcing  boards  in  the  Stadium  have  never  been  ex- 
celled or  equaled  on  any  athletic  track  in  the  world.  The  spec- 
tators could  tell  at  a  glance  what  had  happened.  Apparently  the 
Greek  Committee  had  read  a  great  deal,  and  had  studied  the 
question  of  managing  athletic  meetings,  for  certainly  America 
or  England  can  teach  them  very  little.  Some  of  the  contestants 
and  newspaper  men  complained  because  they  were  not  kept  thor- 
oughly posted  in  relation  to  each  and  every  move  of  the  con- 
testants and  officials  within  the  Stadium.  It  was  not  a  hard 
thing  for  the  newspaper  men  to  follow  the  wins  of  the  athletes; 
the  hardship  came,  of  course,  in  not  being  able  to  talk  Greek, 
but  even  this  was  no  great  drawback,  because  in  the  Stadium 
at  all  times  could  be  found  at  least  a  dozen  officials  who  spoke 
English  fluently  and  answered  all  questions  in  an  intelligent  and 
courteous  manner. 


The  closing  ceremonies  of  the  Olympic  Games  were  very  in- 
teresting. At  least  60,000  spectators  were  in  the  Stadium  to  wit- 
ness the  official  closing  of  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906.  Thou- 
sands of  school  children  crowded  the  arena,  giving  exhibitions  of 
calisthenic  work  and  marching.  After  the  exhibitions  by  the 
school  children,  the  athletes,  jurymen  and  officials  marched  to  the 
arena,  and  the  presentation  then  took  place.  As  each  victor's 
name  was  announced,  he  departed  from  the  ranks  of  standing 
athletes,  walked  to  the  royal  box,  and  there  His  Majesty  King 
George  I.  presented  him  with  his  prize  and  the  famous  classic 
olive  branch. 

The  games  terminated  in  the  most  interesting  manner;  the 
King  of  Greece,  as  a  final  act,  embraced  his  son,  the  Crown 
Prince,  tenderly  and  affectionately,  bestowing  a  kiss*  upon  him, 
as  a  reward  for  his  good  work  as  President  of  the  Games  for 
1906.  The  Crown  Prince  was  likewise  presented  with  a  hand- 
some piece  of  statuary,  the  gift  of  Italy.  Many  other  gifts  that 
had  been  bestowed  upon  the  Crown  Prince  during  the  Olympic 
Games  proved  conclusively  that  the  work  of  His  Royal  Highness 
was  appreciated  by  many. 


02 
fc 

I 


a 
o 


I 


w 

H 


O 
H 


H 


Q 
W 


OH 
O 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LlbKAK*.  65 

Petes  and  Receptions  During  Olympic  Games 

The  social  side  of  the  Olympic  Games  was  particularly  pleas- 
ing to  the  foreign  representatives,  who  had  so  many  fetes  ar- 
ranged for  them.  It  was  also  particularly  observable  that  the 
Greek  people  did  everything  they  possibly  could  to  make  the 
stay  of  all  visitors  pleasant  while  attending  the  Olympic  Games. 
Representatives  of  the  royal  family  were  more  than  anxious  to 
show  the  visitors  real  Grecian  hospitality,  and  they  certainly 
succeeded  in  giving  them  a  reception  that  they  will  long  remem- 
ber. Following  is  a  brief  summary  of  some  of  the  more  im- 
portant functions : 

April  i6th — The  American  Commissioner,  with  Messrs.  C.  M. 
Daniels  and  M.  Schwartz,  of  the  American  party,  arrived  at 
Piraeus,  and  were  met  by  a  reception  committee,  among  whom 
were  Count  Mercatti,  Mr.  Streit,  M.  Negrepontes,  Secretary 
Lambros  and  Mr.  R.  Caridia. 

April  1 7th — On  the  arrival  of  the  King  and  Queen  of  Eng- 
land, invitations  were  extended  by  Madam  M.  Negrepontes  and 
Mr.  M.  Negrepontes  to  a  tea,  to  witness  the  arrival  of  the  King 
and  Queen  at  the  Palace. 

April  i8th — The  Americans  were  presented  to  the  King  of 
England  at  a  reception  held  at  the  British  School. 

April  igth — The  entire  American  team  of  athletes,  with  Man- 
ager Halpin,  arrived  from  Patras — and  a  royal  welcome  awaited 
them.  The  Greek  Reception  Committee  had  arranged  an  elabo- 
rate celebration.  The  team  was  escorted  to  the  Archaeological 
Society  building,  where  a  banquet  was  held  and  introductions 
tendered. 

April  2ist — Invitations  were  received  and  the  Americans  at- 
tended a  reception  at  the  French  Legation. 

April  22d — Sunday — The  opening  of  the  Olympic  Games.  In 
the  evening  a  reception  was  held  at  the  Zappion,  which  was 
attended  by  the  Crown  Prince,  Prince  George,  Prince  Nicholas, 
Prince  Andrew  and  all  the  foreign  ministers. 

April  2^d — Madam  Negrepontes  entertained  several  of  the 
government  commissioners  at  dinner ;  and  in  the  evening  a  re- 
ception was  tendered  to  the  American  athletes  at  the  Hotel 
d'Angleterre,  where  they  viewed  the  illuminations  and  torchlight 
procession  from  the  balconies  of  the  hotel. 

April  24th — The  American  Minister,  Mr.  J.  B.  Jackson,  and 
Mrs.  Jackson,  gave  a  dinner  at  the  American  Legation.  At  9:30 
the  same  evening  the  Mayor's  reception  at  the  Acropolis  was 
attended  by  the  visiting  athletes. 

April  25th — Concert  at  Salle  de  Parnasse. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  57 

April  26th — The  illumination  of  the  Acropolis. 

April  27th — Theater.  Play  "Duchess  of  Athens,"  by  a  com- 
pany at  the  Royal  Theater. 

April  28th — Conference  of  Col.  M.  Balck,  of  Sweden,  with 
stereopticon  views  of  Sweden. 

April  28th — The  Crown  Prince  and  the  Greek  Committee  gave 
a  luncheon  at  the  Action  Hotel,  Phaliron.  The  Crown  Prince 
presided  and  delivered  an  address  of  welcome.  There  were  at 
least  two  hundred  present.  In  the  afternoon,  at  3  o'clock,  an 
open-air  Greek  play  was  given  in  the  Stadium,  "King  QEdipus," 
by  Sophocles,  by  a  company  of  the  Royal  Theater.  6  P.  M. — 
Tea  given  by  Madam  Lambros  and  Secretary  Lambros.  The 
royal  family  was  represented  by  His  Royal  Highness  the  Crown 
Prince,  Prince  George,  Prince  Nicholas  and  Prince  Andrew.  At 
9:30 — Venetian  fete  at  Piraeus. 

April  30th — Opera  at  the  Municipal  Theater,  where  the  first 
cinematograph  views  of  the  opening  of  the  athletic  events  in  the 
Stadium  were  given.  Ball  at  the  Action  Palace  Hotel,  Phaliron. 

May  ist — At  the  palace,  H.  R.  H.  the  Crown  Prince  gave  a 
luncheon  to  the  foreign  representatives  and  members  of  the  In- 
ternational Committee. 

May  2d — At  the  King's  palace,  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Greece  gave  a  luncheon  to  the  foreign  committeemen,  ambassa- 
dors and  officials  to  the  Olympic  Games  of  1906,  the  entire  royal 
family  being  present.  At  3  P.  M.,  in  the  Stadium,  the  presenta- 
tion of  prizes  to  the  victors.  In  the  evening,  a  farewell  reception 
was  tendered  at  the  Zappion  to  the  participants  in  the  Olympic 
Games.  At  9  P.  M.  a  reception  to  the  American  athletes  was 
given  at  the  Hotel  d'Angleterre. 

May  3d — In  the  morning  the  American  athletes  and  their 
friends  were  the  guests  of  Mr.  S.  J.  Vlasto,  the  editor  of  the 
Greek  newspaper' Atlantis  of  New  York  City,  at  his  villa,  "At- 
lantis," where  an  elaborate  reception  awaited  them,  and  from 
Mount  Kephissia  they  obtained  a  magnificent  view  of  the  battle- 
fields of  Marathon.  In  the  evening  the  American  Minister,  Mr. 
J.  B.  Jackson,  and  Mrs.  Jackson,  gave  a  reception  to  the  Amer- 
ican athletes  and  their  friends,  which  was  attended  by  His 
Royal  Highness  the  Crown  Prince,  Prince  George,  Prince  Nich- 
olas and  Prince  Andrew,  many  prominent  Americans  attending, 

Receptions  had  also  been  arranged  for  the  American  athletes 
at  the  American  College,  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bates ;  also  at  the 
home  of  Count  and  Countess  Mercatti.  Owing  to  a  sudden 
change  in  the  programme,  the  American  athletes  and  their 
friends  were  unable  to  be  present  at  these  two  latter  receptions, 
as  they  were  scheduled  to  leave  Athens  that  day. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LiBKAKi:.  59 

Creek  Discus 

Owing  to  the  comment  and  discussion  in  relation  to  the  Greek 
style  of  throwing  the  discus,  we  have  translated  from  the  official 
Olympic  Bulletin  an  article  (  see  page  157)  giving  directions 
for  throwing  the  discus  in  the  Greek  style.  That  it  can  be  made 
an  interesting  event  goes  without  saying,  and  the  article  in  ques- 
tion will  certainly  give  to  all  American  and  foreign  athletes  other 
than  Greeks,  a  thoroughly  correct  idea  as  to  how  the  discus 
should  be  thrown  in  the  Greek  style.  After  seeing  the  Greek 
athletes  throw  the  discus,  and  after  a  study  of  the  correct  statues 
and  drawings,  I  am  convinced  that  the  Greek  method  is  the  only 
correct  way,  and  that  the  method  we  have  been  following  in 
America  is  not  discus  throwing  at  all. 

Three  American's  not  selected  by  the  Committee  journeyed  to 
Athens  at  their  own  expense.  They  were  Mr.  James  B.  Connolly, 
Mr.  Francis  Connolly  and  Mr.  Thos.  Cronin,  of  Boston. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  61 


SUMMARY  OF  THE  STADIUM  EVENTS; 
OLYMPIC  GAMES,  1906 


ioo  METERS  SPRINT. 

Trials  and  semi-finals  held  on  Wednesday,  April  25,   1906;  final 
on  Friday,  April  27,  1906. 

TRIAL  HEATS. 
First  and  second  men  in  each  heat  to  run  in  semi-final. 

First  heat — Archie  Hahn,  America,  first;  Otto  Bock,  Denmark* 
second ;  time,  I2S.1 

Second  heat— W.  p.  Eaton,  America,  first;  Torretta,  Italy,  sec- 
oncT;  G.  Malfait,  France,  third;  time,  113-55. 

Third  heat— F.  R.  Moulton,  America,  first;  P.  Ektoros,  Greece, 
second;  M.  Beckmann,  Germany,  third;  time,  114-55. 

Fourth  heat — Knut  Lindberg,  Sweden,  first;  B.  Polensky,  Bohe- 
mia, second;  C.  Devetzis,  Constantinople,  third;  time,  114-55. 

Fifth  heat — G.  Kassar,  Greece,  first;  w.o. 

Sixth  heat — W.  A.  Schick,  America,  first;  W.  Halswell,  England, 
second;  Kroyer,  Austria,  third;  time,  121-55. 

Seventh  heat — R.  ,C.  Reid,  England,  first;  Ax  Ljung,  Sweden, 
second;  time,  I2s. 

Eighth  heat— H.  Healy  (Australia),  Great  Britain,  first;  V.  Dun- 
ker,  Germany,  second ;  S.  Anastasopoulos,  Greece,  third ;  time, 
12  1-55. 

Ninth  heat- — L.  Robertson,  America,  first;  Nigel  Barker  (Aus- 
tralia), Great  Britain,  second;  time,  112-55. 

Tenth  heat — Sidney  Abrahams,  England  first ;  M.  Prinstein, 
America,  second;  time,  114-55. 

SEMI-FINALS. 

First  and  second  men  to  run  in  the  final. 
First  heat — Archie  Hahn,  America,  first;  L.  Robertson,  second; 

time,  ii  2-55.    Won  by  two  yards. 

Second  heat — F.  R.  Moulton,  America,  first ;  Knut  .Lindberg,  Swe- 
den, second;  W.  A.  Schick,  America,  third;  time,  112-55. 
Won  by  a  yard  and  a  half. 

Third  heat — W.  D.  Eaton,  America,  first ;  Nigel  Barker  (Aus- 
tralia), Great  Britain,  second;  time,  n  1-55.  Won  by  a  yard. 


< 
>* 

o 
A 

w 


I 


|S 


W 

W 


1.8 

H 

Q 

^ 


BPALDING'S  ATHLETIC  LIBRARY.  63 

FINAL  HEAT. 

Archie  Hahn,  America,  first;  F._R.  Moulton,  America,  second; 
Nigel  Barker  ( Australia ) TTh-eH~BrifaTn,  third;  W.D.Eaton, 
America,  fourth  ;  L.  Robertson,  America,  fifth  ;  Knut  Lindberg, 
Sweden,  sixth;  time,  11  i-5s.  Won  by  one  yard;  second  man 
by  a  foot ;  third,  by  a  yard  and  half. 

The  100  meters  sprint  was  divided  into  ten  heats,  the  first  and 
second  men  in  each  heat  to  qualify  for  the  semi-final,  leaving 
nineteen  men.  Myer  Prinstein  of  America  withdrew,  which  left 
eighteen  men,  thus  making  it  possible  to  have  three  semi-finals, 
the  first  and  second  men  to  go  in  the  final  heat. 

America  was  very  successful,  having  four  men  for  the  final; 
Sweden  had  one  and  Great  Britain  one. 

During  the  preliminary  heats  the  Americans  and  the  English- 
men were  not  familiar  with  the  method  of  starting,  the  starter 
adhering  to  the  Greek  language,  and  in  some  of  the  heats  many 
of  the  contestants  were  shot  off  the  mark  and  some  were  left. 
However,  it  can  be  truthfully  said  that  the  final  heat  of  the  100 
meters  sprint  was  an  absolutely  fair  start,  Hahn  of  America  win- 
ning quite  easily.  F.  R.  Moulton,  the  American,  and  Nigel 
Barker,  the  Australian,  had  a  great  fight  for  second  place,  Moulton 
winning  on  the  tape.  W.  D.  Eaton  of  America  was  a  close  fourth. 
Forty-six  men  took  part  in  this  race. 


400  METERS  RUN. 

Trial  heats  and  trials  for  second  men  held  on  Friday,  April  27, 
1906;  final  on  Monday,  April  30,  1906. 

TRIAL  HEATS. 

First  heat — H.  L.  Hillman,  America,  first;  D.  W.  Anderson,  Eng- 
land, second;  time,  544-55. 
Second  heat — P.  H.  Pilgrim,  America,  first ;  V.  Dunker,  Germany, 

second;  time,  55  1-53. 
Third  heat — Nigel  Barker  (Australia),  Great  Britain,  first;  J.  D. 

Lightbody,  America,  second ;  J.  W.   Home,  England,  third ; 

time,  535.    Home  ran  bravely,  for  he  was  a  sick  man. 
Fourth  heat — W.  Halswell,  England,  first;  L.  Robertson,  America, 

second  ;  time,  54  4-55. 
Fifth  heat — C.   J.   Bacon,   America,  first;   Coteau   M.   du   Bellin, 

France,  second ;  time,  56  1-55. 
Sixth  heat— F.  R.  Moulton,  America,  first;  J.  Runge,  Germany, 

second;  time,  54  1-53. 


fr | 


I 

jj 


w 

o 
2 

Q 


PH 


PQ 
W 

s 

<i 


SPALDING'S  ATHLETIC  LIBRARY.  61 

HEAT  FOR  SECOND  MEN. 
Winner  to  run  in  final. 

D.   W.  Anderson,   England,  first;   Coteau  M.  du  Bellin,  France, 
second;  time,  544-55. 

FINAL  HEAT. 
P.   H.   Pilgrim,  America,   first ;   W.   Halswell,   England,   second ; 

Nigel  Barker  (Australia),  Great  Britain,  third;  time,  531-55. 

Won  by  four  yards ;  second  man  by  two  yards.   Twenty-four 

men  took  part  in  this  event. 

A  very  large  field  turned  out  for  the  400  meters  sprint,  no  less 
than  six  heats  being  necessary,  the  winner  to  run  in  the  final; 
second  men  to  run  an  extra  heat,  the  winner  to  qualify  for  the 
final. 

The  finish  of  this  race  will  certainly  go  down  in  athletic  his- 
tory as  one  of  the  greatest  races  ever  contested  and  the  final 
placing  of  the  men  was  contrary  to  all  expert  calculation.  It  is 
doubtful  if  there  has  ever  been  a  race  before  in  the  history  of 
athletics  in  the  world  that  furnished  such  a  surprise.  The  ath- 
letes that  faced  the  starter  for  the  final  heat  were:  Harry  Hill- 
man,  American  and  Olympic  Champion,  admitted  to  be  one  of 
the  fastest  men  in  the  world;  Nigel  Barker,  the  Australian,  who 
has  a  record  inside  of  49  seconds ;  W.  Halswell,  British  cham- 
pion ;  Charles  J.  Bacon,  of  America ;  F.  R.  Moulton,  the  American 
(Western)  champion;  D.  W.  Anderson  of  England  and  Paul 
Pilgrim  of  America. 

Before  the  start  of  the  final,  experts  gave  the  three  places  to 
Harry  Hillman,  Halswell  and  Barker,  for  here  we  find  three 
recognized  champions  on  the  mark,  all  apparently  in  good  con- 
dition. It  is  true  that  Hillman  was  in  the  accident  on  the  Bar- 
barossa  and  had  not  been  himself  since  his  arrival  at  Athens,  but 
those  on  the  inside  felt  confident  that  he  was  game  enough  and 
had  speed  enough  to  pull  out  a  victory.  The  finish  of  the  race 
will  never  be  forgotten  by  those  who  saw  it.  About  180  yards 
from  home  it  was  seen  that  Hillman  was  out  of  it,  and  as  the 
men  rounded  in  the  last  turn  the  three  first  men  were  bunched. 
They  were  Halswell,  Barker  and  Paul  Pilgrim.  The  Americans, 
when  they  saw  that  Hillman  was  out  of  it,  felt  disheartened  and 
practically  gave  up  the  race.  The  finish  was  one  that  will  long  be 
remembered  by  them,  and  the  performance  of  Pilgrim,  who  was 
an  unknown  quantity,  will  never  be  forgotten.  He  ran  like  a 
champion,  outfooted  Halswell  and  Barker,  and  won  by  several 
yards,  to  the  great  delight  of  the  American  delegation,  particu- 
larly to  Manager  Halpin,  for  when  the  American  team  was  se- 


G   2 


SPALDIXG'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  61 

lected,  it  was  felt  that  Pilgrim  was  not  quite  gocid  enough  to 
v.-in  first  place.  All  felt,  however  that  he  was  a  sterling  runner, 
and  a  man  who,  if  we  were  looking  for  thirds  or  fourths,  could 
capture  them,  but  Manager  llalpin  maintained  that  Pilgrim  had 
good  stuff  in  him,  was  grime,  and  at  the  right  moment  would  do 
the  right  thing.  At  the  last  moment  he  was  added  to  the  Ameri- 
can team.  That  such  an  entry  should  result  in  the  most  sterling 
performance  of  the  Olympic  Games,  is  highly  creditable  to  him, 
to  Manager  llalpin,  Capt.  Sherrill,  Mort  Bishop  and  to  the 
other  nun  who  advised  his  selection. 

8co  METERS  RUN. 

Trial  heats  held  on  Wednesday,  April  25,   1906;  first  and  second 

men  in  each  heat  to  run  in  final ;  final  on  Tuesday, 

May  i,   1906. 

TRIAL  HEATS. 
First   heat— J.   D.   Lightbody,   America,   first;    Charles   J.    Bacon, 

America,    second ;    Ernst    Serrander,     Sweden,    third ;    time, 

2m.  5  2-5$.     Won  by  eight  yards. 

Second  heat — Kr.   Ilellstrom,   Sweden,  first;   W.   Halswell,  Eng- 
land,   second;    IT.    V.    Valentine,    America,   third;    time,    2m. 

5  4-55.     Won  by  two  yards. 
Third  heat — R.  P.  Crabbe,  England,  first;  E.   Parsons,  America, 

second ;  J.  W.  Home,  England,  third ;  time,  2m.  7  3-78. 
Fourth  heat — P.  H.  Pilgrim,  America,  first ;  J.  Runge,  Germany, 

second;   G.   A.   Wheatley    (Australia),   Great   Britain,   third; 

time,  2m.  6  3-5 s.    Won  by  four  yards. 

FINAL  HEAT. 
P.  TT.  Pilgrim,  America,  first;  J.  D.  Lightbody,  America,  second; 

W.  Halswell,  England,  third;  time,  2m.  i  i-2s.     Won  by  two 

feet ;  second  man  by  ten  yards. 

In  the  800  meters  run  it  took  four  preliminary  heats  to  weed 
out  the  back-markers.  The  knowing  ones  had  predicted  that  the 
finish  would  be  between  Crabbe,  Halswell  and  Lightbody.  After 
Crabbe's  sensational  race  with  Cornwallis  at  the  Oxford-Cam- 
bridge games,  it  was  admitted  that  he  had  a  chance  of  winning 
this  race,  and  calculations  gave  first  place  to  Great  Britain;  but 
Pilgrim  again  upset  calculations  by  winning  this  race  in  great 
fashion,  using  his  head  at  all  times,  and  coming  through  in  the 
last  sixty  yards,  beating  Lightbody  by  a  few  feet,  Lightbody  dis- 
tancing Halswell.  The  time,  2m.  i  i-2s.,  was  very  creditable 
going,  considering  the  track  and  corners.  Twenty-three  athletes 
took  part  in  this  event. 


H 

B 


CQ 

H 
N 

§ 

w 

H 


fc 

O 


w 

3 

« 


O 

w 
tf 

w 


«< 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  69 

1,500  METERS  RUN. 

Trials  held  on  Friday,  April  27,  1906 ;  first  four  men  in  each 
heat  to  run  in  final ;  final  on  Monday,  April  30,  1906. 

TRIAL  HEATS. 
First    heat — J.    D.    Lightbody,    America,    first;    Kr.    Hellstrom, 

Sweden,    second ;    J.    P.    Sullivan,    America,    third ;    G.    A. 

Wheatley     (Australia),    Great    Britain,    fourth;    time,    4m. 

192-55. 
Second  heat — J.   MacGough    (Scotland),  Great  Britain,  first;   R. 

P.    Crabbe,    England,    second;    G.    Blake    (Australia),    Great 

Britain,    third ;    Harvey    Cohn,    America,    fourth ;    time,    4m. 

184-5*. 

FINAL  HEAT. 

J.  D.  Lightbody,  America,  first;  J.  MacGough  (Scotland),  Great 
Britain,  second ;  Kr.  Hellstrom,  Sweden,  third ;  G.  A.  Wheat- 
ley  (Australia),  Great  Britain,  fourth;  J.  P.  Sullivan, 
America,  fifth ;  George  Bonhag,  America,  sixth ;  time,  4m.  I2S. 
If  any  crowns  were  to  be  distributed  for  meritorious  wins, 
James  D.  Lightbody,  of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Association,  should 
get  one  for  winning  the  1,500  meters  run.  This  was  another 
event  that  was  absolutely  granted  to  Great  Britain,  with  its 
MacGough  or  Crabbe.  Of  course,  the  experts  figured  without 
considering  the  remarkable  ability,  gameness  and  running  quali- 
ties of  that  sterling  American  (Western)  runner,  Lightbody.  He 
won  his  heat,  beating  Hellstrom  of  Sweden  quite  easily.  The 
second  heat  went  to  MacGough  of  Scotland,  running  for  Great 
Britain,  with  Crabbe  of  Great  Britain  second.  In  the  final  heat 
these  remarkable  runners  faced  the  starter :  Lightbody,  Mac- 
Gough, Hellstrom,  Wheatley,  J.  P.  Sullivan  and  Bonhag.  While 
Bonhag  finished  last,  he  must  be  given  credit  for  having  set  the 
pace  and  using  his  head  three-quarters  of  the  journey.  He  made 
the  pace  exactly  to  suit  Lightbody,  and  why  MacGough  or 
Crabbe  stayed  in  the  rear  the  way  they  did  the  knowing  ones 
cannot  figure  out.  If  they  watched  Lightbody  on  the  day  of  the 
trials  of  the  1,500  meters  run,  they  should  certainly  have  learned 
a  lesson,  for,  Lightbody,  on  this  day,  showed  what  speed  he  had 
for  a  distance  man.  He  ran  his  heat  in  the  1,500  meters  and 
won ;  then  came  out  and  finished  second  to  Nigel  Barker  in  the 
third  heat  of  the  400  meters  sprint,  in  53  seconds,  making  Barker 
run  all  the  way.  That  performance  stamped  Lightbody  a  sterling 
runner,  and  when  it  was  observed  that  he  was  in  nailing  dis- 


SPALI>IX<rS    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  71 

tance  of  England's  representatives,  200  yards  from  home,  his 
American  friends  knew  he  would  pull  out  a  victory,  and  he  did 
it  quite  easily,  in  the  remarkable  time,  for  the  track,  of  4111.  125. 
Lightbody  received  many  congratulations  for  this — a  victory 
which  America  never  expected.  Twenty  men  competed  in  this 
event. 


FIVE  MILE  RUN. 
Held  on  Wednesday,  April  25,  1906. 

H.  C.  Hawtrey,  England,  first ;  John  Svanberg,  Sweden,  second ; 
Ed  Dahl,  Sweden,  third;  George  V.  Bonhag,  America, 
fourth;  Pagliani,  Italy,  fifth;  George  Blake  (Australia), 
Great  Britain,  sixth;  time,  26m.  261-53.  Won  by  fifty  yards. 
John  J.  Daly  of  Ireland  finished  third,  but  was  disqualified. 


FIVE  MILE  RUN. 

The  five  mile  run  taught  America  a  lesson.  It  taught  us  that 
we  are  short  of  distance  runners.  Of  course  we  at  no  time  had 
hopes  of  winning,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  one  of  the  best 
men  we  had  in  America  started  in  this  race.  H.  C.  Hawtrey  of 
England  had  no  trouble  in  winning;  John  Svanberg  of  Sweden 
was  second,  and  John  J.  Daly  of  Ireland  finished  third.  He  was 
a  tired  man.  He  and  Dahl  of  Sweden  made  a  great  finish,  run- 
ning neck  and  neck  for  the  last  sixty  yards.  Daly  led  Dahl, 
who  was  six  inches  behind  him,  but  Daly,  in  an  unconscious 
manner,  did  not  run  straightaway  to  the  tape,  but  instead  kept 
running  in  and  out,  thus  making  it  an  utter  impossibility  for 
Dahl  to  get  by  him.  This  of  course,  was  a  foul,  claimed  by  the 
Swedish  representatives  and  allowed  by  the  referee.  Twenty- 
seyen  athletes  took  part  in  this  event,  the  complete  list  of  starters 
being  as  follows : 

D.  Stammou,  Thessaly  (Greece);  Ed  Dahl,  Sweden;  F.  M. 
Edwards,  England;  Arnost  Nejedly,  Bohemia;  Er.  Serrander, 
Sweden ;  H.  Muller,  Germany ;  A.  Tselopopoulos,  Turkey ;  J. 
Svanberg,  Sweden ;  F.  Skullerud,  Norway ;  I.  Santorainos, 
Greece ;  Louis  de  Fleurac,  France ;  Harvey  Cohn,  America ;  J. 
MacGough,  England ;  W.  G.  Frank,  America ;  H.  C.  Hawtrey, 
England;  Mulanakos,  Greece;  I.  Ardsanites,  Greece;  Gaston 
Ragueneau,  France ;  G.  V.  Bonhag,  America ;  H.  G.  Weber, 
England ;  A.  R.  Churchill,  England ;  Arthur  Marson,  Egypt ; 
Stephen  Carnelly,  England ;  Kwieton,  Austria ;  D.  Kanitsias, 
Greece;  G.  Blake.  Australia;  J.  J.  Daly,  Ireland, 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  73 

1 10  METERS  HURDLE  RACE. 

Trial  heats  and  trials  for  second  men  held  on  Monday,  April  20, 
1906;  final  on  Tuesday,  May  i,  1906. 

TRIAL  HEATS. 
First  heat — Hugo  Friend,  America,  first ;  V.  Dunker,   Germany, 

second;    Wallis    D.    Walters,    England,   third;   time,    164-53. 

Won  by  half  a  yard. 
Second  heat — R.  G.  Leavitt,  America,  first;  H.  Molinie,  France, 

second;    Ax    Ljung,    Sweden,    third;    time,    16 1-23.      Won 

easily. 
Third  heat — H.  Healy  (Australia),  Great  Britain,  first;  G.  Issi- 

gonis,  Greece,  second ;  time,  16  i-2s.    Won  easily. 

HEAT  FOR  SECOND  MEN,  WINNER  TO  QUALIFY. 
V.    Dunker,    Germany,    first ;    A.    Molinie,    France,    second ;    G. 

Issigonis,  Greece,  third;  time,  172-53. 

FINAL  HEAT. 
R.    G.    Leavitt,    America,    first;    H.    Healy    (Australia,),    Great 

Britain,  second ;   V.  Dunker,  Germany,  third ;  time,   16 1-53. 

Won  by  a  foot. 

The  hurdle  race  was  divided  into  three  heats,  the  winners  to 
run  in  the  final  and  the  second  men  to  have  an  extra  heat,  the 
winner  to  qualify  for  the  final.  Hugo  Friend  of  America  had  no 
trouble  whatever  in  winning  the  first  heat.  The  second  heat 
went  to  R.  G.  Leavitt  of  America,  and  the  third  heat  went  to 
Healy  (Australia)  of  Great  Britain.  Dunker  of  Germany  won 
the  heat  for  second  men.  The  final  heat,  between  Leavitt  and 
Healy,  was  as  pretty  a  race  as  one  would  wish  to  look  at.  They 
raced  neck  and  neck  to  the  last  jump,  Leavitt  winning  by  a  foot 
in  16-1-51. 

STANDING  BROAD  JUMP. 
Held  on  Wednesday,  April  25,  1906. 

Ray   C.   Ewry,   America,  first,   3.30  meters    (American   distance, 
loft.  loin.)  ;  M.  J.  Sheridan,  America,  second;  3.095  meters 
American   distance,    loft.    1 7-8in.)  ;    L.   Robertson,   America, 
third,  3.05  meters  (American  distance,  loft.  i-i6in.). 
As  the  performance  shows,   Ewry  was   in  a  class  by  himself. 
Sheridan  and  Robertson  had  quite  a  competition  for  second  place, 
beating  the  other  competitors  quite  easily.     The  complete  list  of 
starters  was  as  follows  : 

H.  Jardin,  France ;  Ray  Ewry,  America ;  Haggman,  Finland ; 
P.  Weinstein,  Germany;  M.  Brustman,  Germany;  A.  Petersen, 


1 


I 


MYER    PRINSTEIN.   OF    THE    AMERICAN    TEAM,    WINNER    OF    THE 
RUNNING    BROAD    JUMP. 

Copyright  Photo  by  Bowden  Bros..  London,  England,, 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  75 

Denmark ;  L.  Robertson,  America ;  Kroyer,  Austria ;  W.  Ritzen- 
hof,  Germany;  Mallwitz,  Germany;  H.  W.  Kerrigan,  America; 
P.  Ameras,  Smyrna ;  E.  Anedsakes,  Crete ;  I.  Kollaros,  Egypt ; 
Tsikliteras,  Greece;  Somody,  Hungary;  Njal.  Johansson,  Swe- 
den ;  Petit,  Austria ;  M.  J.  Sheridan,  America ;  J.  Wagner,  Ger- 
many; Mudin,  Hungary;  A.  Touferes,  Greece;  Maspoli,  France; 
Leos  Dupont,  Belgium;  Lemming,  Sweden;  Low  Niels,  Den- 
mark; Bambilla,  Italy. 

One  of  the  most  spectacular  sights  of  the  games  took  place  as 
the  result  of  this  competition,  which  was  the  raising  of  the  three 
American  flags  for  the  three  places  won  by  the  Americans.  In 
this  connection  with  the  flag  raising  for  first,  second  and  third 
in  this  event,  it  may  interest  our  readers  to  know  what  the 
Greek  people  thought  of  the  American  flags  going  up,  and  we 
publish  the  following  from  Estia,  an  Athens  newspaper,  in  its 
issue  of  April  26,  1906: 

THE  STAR  SPANGLED  BANNER. 

The  Stadium  was  covered  yesterday  by  the  Star  Spangled  Ban- 
ner, the  flag  of  the  Americans,  having-  been  hoisted  three  times, 
thanks  to  the  invincible  and  fearful  athletes  whom  the  new  world 
sent  to  us.  The  Pan-Americanism  of  the  victory  has  inspired 
with  enthusiasm  all  the  Americans,  who  raised  their  hurrahs  up 
to  the  sky.  Greece,  as  well  as  the  other  nations  taking  part  in 
these  games,  are  also  enthusiastic  about  these  victories.  The 
speed  with  which  the  new  world  rises  up  in  the  horizon,  the  new 
world  that  has  subdued  the  labor,  that  lives  with  the  rush  and 
the  whirling  everywhere,  could  not  but  shake  the  Stadium  of 
Athens  with  its  athletic  triumphs.  America  longs  for  beauty  as 
well  as  for  money.  She  wins  the  beautiful  as  well  as  the  money. 
America  is  one  of  the  nations  that  tries  to  absorb  the  spirit  of 
ancient  Greek  civilization.  There  you  will  find  fervent  ath- 
leticism, simplicity,  love  for  nature.  There  you  will  find  invi- 
tation of  Parthenons  spread  all  over  on  the  quickly  growing  new 
cities.  The  Americans  came  here  with  all  the  ambitions  of  the 
new  world ;  for  this  we  saluted  yesterday  at  the  Stadium  their 
flag  three  times  in  succession.  Famous  works  of  the  country  of 
Ilingos  (whirling). 

RUNNING  BROAD  JUMP. 

Held  on  Friday,  April  27. 

Myer  Prinstein,   America,   first;     distance,    7.20    meters    (23  ft. 
r/2  in.) 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  77 

P.  G.  O'Connor  (Ireland),  Great  Britain,  second;  distance,  7.025 

meters  (23  ft.  yz  in.). 
Hugo  Friend,  America,  third;  distance,  6.965  meters  (22  ft.  loin.) 

Prinstein  made  his  winning  jump  on  his  first  trial  and  he 
would  have,  undoubtedly,  made  a  better  jump  had  it  not  been  for 
the  fact  that  he  sprained  his  ankle  very  badly  on  the  second 
jump  of  the  finals,  O'Connor  only  beating  Friend  for  second 
place  on  his  last  jump. 

In  reference  to  the  protest  made  by  O'Connor  of  Ireland  to  the 
effect  that  M.  P.  Halpin  of  the  American  team  was  the  only 
judge  present  when  Prinstein  made  his  winning  jump,  and  that 
he  (O'Connor)  had  fouls  unjustly  called  upon  him,  it  may  be 
said  that  Prinstein's  jump  was  measured  by  Mr.  Perry  of 
England,  and  the  measuring  was  witnessed  not  only  by  Mr.  Hal- 
pin  but  Mr.  Muller  of  Germany  and  Mr.  Dahl  of  Sweden.  On 
each  side  of  the  jumping  pit  there  were  boards  with  the  measure- 
ments from  the  take-off  board,  and  Mr.  Muller  stuck  his  cane 
at  7.2 -on  the  outside  of  the  board,  when  Prinstein's  jump  was 
measured  as  the  best  jump  up  to  this  time. 

The  foul  called  on  O'Connor  was  according  to  the  rule  adopted 
by  the  committee  to  the  effect  that  if  any  part  of  a  man's  body 
fell  behind  the  mark  made  by  his  feet,  such  jump  would  be  de- 
clared foul. 

H.  Mellander  of  Sweden,  who  had  the  fourth  best  jump,  would 
have  been  a  very  dangerous  competitor  if  he  could  hit  the  take- 
off board  properly,  as  on  his  best  jump  of  6.585  he  was  a  foot  and 
a  half  behind  the  take-off  board. 

Following  is  a .  complete  list  of  competitors  in  the  running 
broad  jump,  with  each  man's  best  performance  (in  meters)  : 

G.  Ronstrom,  Sweden,  6.15;  M.  Brustman,  Germany,  5.85;  H. 
Friend,  America,  6.96  N.  Low,  Denmark,  5.47;  Mallwitz,  Ger- 
many, 5.38;  Myer  Prinstein,  America,  7.20;  Somody,  Hungary, 
6.045;  Sidney  Abrahams,  Great  Britain,  6.21;  P.  O'Connor  (Ire- 
land), Great  Britain,  7.025;  A.  Priftes,  Greece,  5.30;  Yargha, 
Hungary,  5.97;  Stournkres,  Greece,  6.035;  Torreta,  Italy,  5.68; 
N.  Andredakis,  Greece,  5.25 ;  Lampmayer,  Austria,  5.385 ;  Otto 
Bock,  Denmark,  5.775 ;  P.  Wagner,  Germany,  5.95 ;  J.  Runge, 
Germany,  5.815;  L.  Leon,  Greece,  5.585;  H.  Mellander,  Sweden, 
,6.585;  Kroyer,  Austria,  5.725;  Cronan,  America,  6.185;  Otto 
Kohout,  Bohemia,  5.275 ;  A.  Petersen,  Denmark,  5.575 ;  P.  Wein- 
stein,  Germany,  5.76;  Francis  Connolly,  America,  5.285;  James 
Connolly,  America,  three  fouls. 


SPALDIXG'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  79 

HOP,  STEP  AND  JUMP. 

Held  on  Monday,  April  30,   1906. 

P.   G.   O'Connor    (Ireland,),  Great  Britain,  first;   distance,   14.075 

meters   (46ft.  2  i-8'mf.) 
C.  Leahy  (Ireland),  Great  Britain,  second;  distance,  13.98  meters 

(45ft.  I03-8in.). 
Thomas  F.  Cronan,  America,  third;  distance,  13  70  meters  (44ft. 

ii  3-8  in. 

Everybody  expected  to  see  Leahy  of  Ireland  win  this  event, 
but  he  seemed  to  have  trouble  in  hitting  the  "take-off,"  only 
doing  13.98,  which  is  not  an  extra  good  performance.  Leahy 
led  all  the  way  through  the  competition  up  to  O'Connor's  last 
jump,  when  the  latter  beat  him  for  first  place.  Prinstein  com- 
peted in  this  event,  but  could  not  do  better  than  about  12.50 
meters,  owing  to  the  mishap  to  his  ankle  in  the  running  broad 
jump.  Eighteen  athletes  took  part  in  this  event,  their  names, 
country  and  best  performance  being  also  given : 

C.  Leahy  (Ireland),  Great  Britain,  13.98;  Cronan,  America, 
13.7;  Polensky,  Bohemia,  12.195;  Low  Niels,  Denmark,  11.62; 
P.  Weinstein,  Germany,  12.615 ;  Francis  Connelly,  America,  12.75 ; 
P.  G.  O'Connor  (Ireland),  Great  Britain,  14.075 1  Lemming, 
Sweden,  12.195;  C.  Pedensen,  Norway,  12.68;  Kroyer,  Austria, 
11.985;  L.  Leon,  Greece,  11.96;  X.  Parsales,  Turkey,  12.52;  Myer 
Prinstein,  America,  12.27;  D.  Muller,  Greece,  13.125;  S.  Lelekos, 
Greece,  11.455;  Os.  Guttormsen,  Norway,  13-34;  Stournaras, 
Greece,  12.725;  Brustman,  Germany,  three  fouls,  and  James  B. 
Connolly,  America. 

STANDING  HIGH  JUMP. 
Held  on  Tuesday,   May   I,   1906. 

Ray  C.  Ewry,  America,  first;  height,  1.565  meters   (5ft.  I  5-8in.). 
Martin   J.    Sheridan,   America ;    Leon   DuPont,    Belgium,   and  L. 

Robertson,    America,    tied    for    second    with    1.4    meters    (4ft. 
7i-8in.). 

Ewry  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  for  his  own  record  of 
5ft.  5  i-2in.  All  the  Americans  thought  they  would  see  another 
spectacular  sight  as  a  result  of  this  event,  the  raising  of  three 
American  flags — such  as  took  place  in  the  Standing  Broad  Jump 
— but  Dupont  of  Belgium,  who  is  a  very  good  man,  upset  their 
calculations.  Sheridan  would  undoubtedly  have  secured  second 
place  outright  in  this  event  had  it  not  been  for  the  fact  that 
the  Greek  discus  competition,  in  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  say 
he  was  very  much  interested,  was  going  on  at  the  same  time. 


HI 

Hi 


a 

1 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  81 

Some  of  the  competitors  from  other  countries  had  very  remote 
ideas  about  the  standing  high  jump,  several  thinking  that  they 
could  take  a  few  steps  before  the  jump  and  others  diving  over 
the  bar.  Of  course,  these  were  declared  foul  jumps. 

Following  is  a  complete  list  of  the  competitors  in  the  Standing 
High  Jump,  with  each  man's  best  performance  (in  meters)  : 

Ray  Ewry,  America,  1.45;  Diachides,  Greece,  1.25;  Tsikliteras, 
Greece,  1.30;  Kroyer,  Austria,  1.125;  Robertson,  America,  1.40; 
M.  J.  Sheridan,  America,  1.40;  Leon  Dupont,  Belgium,  1.40;  P. 
Weinstein,  Germany,  1.25;  Goenczy,  Hungary,  1.35;  Scegedi, 
Hungary,  1.125. 

RUNNING  HIGH  JUMP. 

Held  on  Monday,  April  30,  1906,  and  Tuesday,  May  i,  1906. 
C.    Leahy    (Ireland),   Great   Britain,   first;   height,    1.775   meters 

(5ft.  97-8in.). 

Goenczy,  Hungary,  second;  height,  1.75  meters   (5ft.  87-8m.). 
H.  W.  Kerrigan  and  T.  H.  Diakidis,  third;  height,  1,725  meters 
(5ft.  77-8in.;. 

The  above  performances  were  made  on  Tuesday,  the  com- 
petition stopping  on  Monday  on  account  of  darkness,  at  1.675 
meters,  with  the  following  men  left:  C.  Leahy,  Ireland;  G. 
Runstrom,  Sweden;  T.  H.  Diakidis,  Greece;  Goenczy,  Hungary; 
H.  W.  Kerrigan,  America. 

The  running  high  jump  furnished  somewhat  of  a  surprise.  It 
was  confidently  expected  that  Kerrigan  of  America  would  push 
Leahy.  Kerrigan,  however,  owing  to  the  Barbarossa  accident, 
was  inches  behind  his  true  form,  and  that  he  got  as  good  as 
third  surprised  those  who  knew  the  condition  of  the  man,  for  he 
was  anything  but  well. 

The  jumping  of  the  different  contestants  here  proved  con- 
clusively that  outside  of  Kerrigan  and  Leahy,  the  others  knew 
none  of  the  fine  points  of  high  jumping.  The  Greek  and  the 
Hungarian  who  figured  in  the  high  jump,  jumped  purely  with 
strength — with  no  science — and  did  remarkably  well.  One  of  the 
contestants  who  cleared  1.75  took  oft  at  least  10  feet  or  more 
from  the  bar,  and  who  in  making  his  qualifying  jump  slipped  at 
least  eighteen  inches,  having  no  spikes  in  his  shoes.  Such  jump- 
ing is  simply  remarkable  undet  such  conditions.  It  only  goes  to 
show  what  these  foreigners  will  do  when  they  take  up  scientific 
jumping. 

Following  is  a  complete  list  of  competitors  in  the  running 
high  jump:  C.  Leahy  (Ireland),  Great  Britain;  G.  Ronstrom, 
Sweden ;  N.  Mourmoures,  Greece ;  Szegedy,  Hungary ;  Th. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  83 

Diakides,  Greece ;  Papot,  France ;  Drosinds,  Greece ;  Leon  Du- 
pont,  Belgium;  II.  Bgolgerud,  Norway;  Somody,  Hungary; 
Weinstein,  Germany;  P.  G.  O'Connor  (Ireland),  Great  Britain; 
Geonczy,  Hungary;  Otto  Beck,  Denmark;  H.  W.  Kerrigan, 
America ;  Soderstrom,  Sweden  ;  Petit,  Austria  ;  Kroyer,  Austria ; 

POLE  VAULT. 

Held  on  Wednesday,  April  25,   1906. 
Lrouder,  France,  first;  height,  3.50  meters  (11  ft.  6  in.) 
B.    Scderstrom,    Sweden,    second;     height,    3.40   meters  (11    ft. 

I  4-5  in.)- 
E.  C.  Glover,  America,  third;  height,  3.35  meters  (lift.) 

Ten  athletes  took  part  in  this  event. 

France  produced  a  real  champion  at  this  game  and  is  cer- 
tainly entitled  to  all  the  honors.  That  that  country  should  cap- 
ture the  pole  vault  was  not  a  matter  of  surprise  to  the  athletes 
who  had  been  practicing  in  the  gymnasium  outside  of  the 
Stadium,  for  during  Gouder's  preliminary  work  he  did  some  re- 
markable pole  vaulting,  clearing  twelve  feet  with  ease. 

The  competition  had  a  large  -number  of  starters,  but  they 
were  a  poor  lot  of  pole  vaulters,  for  when  the  bar  was  at  eleven 
feet,  but  three  men  were  left  in ;  Gouder  of  France,  Soder- 
strom of  Sweden  and  Glover  of  America.  All  three  men  tried 
for  ii  feet  6  inches,  the  Frenchman  having  no  trouble  in  clear- 
ing it  and  winning  the  world's  championship. 

Glover  was  certainly  interfered  with  in  trying  for  this  height. 
In  one  of  his  trials,  he  got  a  good  run  and  certainly  felt  that  he 
would  clear  this  distance  when  an  official  crossed  his  path, 
making  him  lose  his  balance.  The  accident  might  have  been 
serious  and  many  think  that  this  accounts  for  his  not  doing 
better.  The  winner  used  a  bamboo  pole  and  had  it  wrapped 
around  the  small  part ;  in  fact  all  of  the  competitors,  except 
Glover,  used  the  same  kind  of  a  bamboo  pole,  which  certainly 
gave  them  an  advantage  and  grip.  It  is  doubtful  if  such  a  pole 
would  be  allowed  in  America. 

THROWING  THE  DISCUS,  GREEK  STYLE. 

Held  on  Tuesday,  May  I,  1906. 

Jaervinen,  Finland,  first;  distance,  35.17  meters  (ii5ft.  4in.). 
Georgantas,    Greece,    second;     distance,    32.8*    meters    (107   ft. 

7  5-16  in.) 
Mudin,  Hungary,  third;  distance,  31.91  meters  (104  ft.  8  1-4  in. 


MARTIN   J.  SHERIDAN, 
Winner  of  the  Discus  Throw  (Free  Style). 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBR^ft^  a^^  85 


THROWING  THE  DISCUS,  FREE  STYLE. 

Held  on  Wednesday,  April  25,  1906. 
M.    J.    Sheridan,   America,   first;    distance,   41.46   meters     (I36ft. 

i-3in.). 

Georgantas,  Greece,  second;  distance,  38.06  meters  (i24ft.  loin.). 
Jaervinen,  Finland,  third;  distance  36.82  meters  (i20ft.  9.9-i6in.). 

THROWING  THE  DISCUS. 

In  discussing  throwing  the  discus  I  will  refer  to  both  styles. 
The  discus  throwing  at  Athens  did  cause  quite  some  comment. 
The  authorities  in  Greece  certainly  must  be  given  credit  for 
knowing  what  -is  discus  throwing. 

At  the  revival  of  the  Olympic  Games  in  1896  they  had  a  discus 
event.  This  was  won  by  Robert  Garrett  of  America.  Garrett 
brought  the  discus  to  America,  it  was  copied,  and  discus  throw- 
ing became  popular  in  this  country.  We  immediately  classed  it 
as  one  of  our  weight-throwing  events  and  had  it  thrown  from 
a  seven-foot  circle,  paying  no  attention  to  the  poses  at  the  start  — 
let  a  man  stand  in  the  arena  and  hurl  it  as  far  as  he  could  — 
with  the  result  that  it  developed  into  a  weight-throwing  com- 
petition, losing  all  of  its  classic  features. 

At  this  particular  game  America  excelled,  and  we  have  pro- 
duced in  the  person  of  Martin  Sheridan  the  greatest  discus 
thrower  in  the  world,  insofar  as  it  pertains  to  the  free  or  Amer- 
ican style,  but  in  following  the  American  or  free  style  of  going 
for  distance  or  records  we  have,  no  doubt,  lost  sight  entirely  of 
what  real  discus  throwing  is  like.  The  Greek  authorities  knew 
this.  Then  they  resolved  that  a  rule  must  be  formed  particu- 
larly to  have  the  discus  thrown  according  to  the  old  method, 
the  method  followed  by  the  ancients,  and  as  a  result,  for  the 
Olympic  Games  of  1906,  two  discus  events  appeared  on  the  pro- 
gramme. 

The  free  style  of  throwing  was  easily  won  by  Martin  Sheri- 
dan. This  was  in  accordance  with  what  was  expected.  Then 
came  throwing  the  discus,  Greek  style.  Certainly  we,  in  America, 
never  saw  discus  throwing  as  it  was  practiced  in  Greece,  for 
we  must  admit  that  at  no  time  in  our  style  of  throwing  does 
the  contestant  assume  any  of  the  positions  that  are  illustrated 
by  the  statues  and  paintings  of  the  Greek  discus  thrower. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  who  were  not  at  Athens  we  publish 
elsewhere  in  this  volume  several  illustrations,  and  a  description 
showing  how  the  discus  is  thrown,  Greek  style.  Herewith  also 
will  be  found  the  official  rule  on  how  to  throw  the  discus  which 
governs  the  competition  at  Athens. 


II 


' 


JAERVINEN,   FINLANDER,   WINNER    OF    DISCUS    THROW— GREEK 

STYLE. 

Copyright  Photo  by  Branger,  Paris. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  87 

HELLENIC  METHODS  OF  THROWING  THE  Discus. 

ARTICLE   25. 

(a)  For  this  test  a  pedestal  80  centimeters  long  and  70  centi- 
meters  broad   is   inclined,   with   a   maximum  height  of   15   centi- 
meters behind  and  a  minimum  height  of  5  centimeters  in  front. 

(b)  The  Hellenic  method  of  throwing  the  discus  is  something 
like  the  following : 

The  thrower  places  himself  on  the  pedestal  with  the  feet  apart, 
and  holding  the  discus  in  either  hand.  He  then  takes  it  with 
both  hands  slightly  stretched,  lifting  them  without  letting  go  the 
discus,  and  stretching  out  the  rest  of  his  body  in  the  same  way 
in  the  same  direction.  After  that  he  turns  the  trunk  slightly  to 
the  right  and  bends  sharply,  so  as  to  bring  the  left  hand  when 
free  to  the  right  knee,  and  the  right  hand  still  holding  the  discus, 
as  far  back  as  the  build  of  the  shoulder  permits.  At  this  moment 
the  right  foot  should  be  forward  and  the  legs  bent;  the  right 
foot  rests  on  the  sole,  and  the  left  on  the  toes  only.  Then  by  a 
sharp  and  simultaneous  extension  of  the  whole  body,  the  thrower 
throws  the  discus  straight  in  front  of  him. 

(c)  In  this  test  the  competitor  has  the  right  to  leave  the  ped- 
estal in  the  very  moment  of  throwing. 

(d)  The   distance  is  measured  by  a   straight  line  going  from 
the  point  where  the  discus  touches  the  ground  for  the  first  time 
to  the  middle  of  the  front  part  of  the  pedestal. 

From  this  it  can  be  juclged  how  different  our  style  of  throw- 
ing is. 

Now  when  one  studies  the  rule  and  the  poses,  he  can  see  that 
discus  throwing  is  an  event  that  should  be  encouraged,  particu- 
larly when  the  Greek  rules  are  lived  up  to  and  understood.  In 
this  particular  event  at  Athens,  however,  I  doubt  if  there  was  a 
man  entered  in  the  competition  who  knew  exactly  what  he  had 
to  do,  other  than  George  Georgantas.  The  officials  knew  what 
the  contestants  were  to  do.  I  think  myself  that  the  competition 
was  spoiled  by  the  interference  of  a  lot  of  officials  who  knew 
much  less  about  throwing  the  discus  (Greek  style)  than  the 
contestants  themselves.  When  the  competition  commenced  the 
judges  were  three  Greek  gentlemen.  They  knew  the  rules, 
knew  what  was  expected,  and  as  a  result  they  were  absolutely 
fair,  and  when  a  man  threw  irregular,  his  throw  was  declared  a 
foul.  This  went  all  right  until  the  discus  throwers  from  several 
countries  were  declared  out.  Then  it  was  up  to  the  friends  of 
the  contestants  and  they  made  it  appear  as  though  the  jury- 
men and  Greek  officials  were  unfair.  They  were  not  unfair; 
very  few  of  the  men  that  competed  threw  the  discus  according 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  89 

to  the  Greek  rules,  for  how  could  they?  They  did  not  under- 
stand the  rules  and  never  saw  the  discus  thrown  that  way. 
After  the  competition  was  partly  spoiled  with  objections,  the 
Greek  officials  made  a  mistake  in  being  lenient.  Martin  Sheri- 
dan's throw  was  disallowed,  as  well  as  many  others.  It  was 
particularly  noticeable  that  the  representatives  of  some  of  the 
contestants  made  all  kinds  of  claims,  and  the  result  was  that  the 
Greek  officials  felt  they  would  be  criticised  and  called  unfair,  so 
they  allowed  several  men  to  throw  in  doubtful  style ;  that  is, 
to  my  way  of  thinking.  I  thought  the  winner  of  the  discus  did 
not  throw  according  to  the  Greek  style,  but  the  Greek  officials, 
wanting  to  please  everyone  and  not  wanting  to  appear  unfair  to 
anyone,  allowed  Mr.  Jaervinen  of  Finland  ('The  Big  Finn")  to 
score  the  victory.  It  can  be  truthfully  said  that  if  this  Fin- 
lander's  style  was  Greek  style,  so  was  Sheridan's. 

There  can  be  no  question  whatever  but  what  the  Greek  style 
is  the  proper  way  to  throw  the  discus  and  the  style  that  should 
be  encouraged.  Furthermore,  the  authorities  should  form  laws 
that  would  be  international.  They  should  have  drawings  made 
so  that  the  different  officials  in  any  part  of  the  world  may  be 
able  to  decide  according  to  the  Greek  rules.  I  think  that  if 
Sheridan  had  studied  the  rules  for  a  couple  of  weeks  he  could 
easily  have  distanced  Mr.  Jaervinen  or  Mr.  Georgantas,  and  if 
we  adopt  the  style  he  will  make  a  new  record. 

Georgantas  played  the  baby  ac-t  in  this  event,  and  it  was  too 
bad  that  he  did  not  follow  the  principles  of  the  Greek  officials 
who  presided  over  this  event.  The  officials  felt  that  this  was  a 
new  competition  to  many,  and  they  decided  as  they  thought,  in 
the  interest  of  fair  amateur  sport,  to  be  lenient.  His  action 
in  going  to  the  pedestal  or  box  and  throwing  in  the  free  style 
after  the  competition  was  declared  over,  which  throw  distanced 
all  others,  was  uncalled  for  and  he  certainly  merited  the  rebuke 
that  he  received.  When  Sheridan  knew  that  his  style  was  not 
the  right  style,  he  left  the  field  amid  the  plaudits  of  thousands. 
Georgantas  should  have  done  the  same  thing. 

Following  is  a  full  list  of  competitors  in  the  free  style  dis- 
cus-throwing contest :  N.  Dorizas,  Turkey ;  G.  Papakristou, 
Greece ; ;  Deffarge,  France ;  Patit,  Austria ;  Masprone,  Italy ;  Fr. 
Sousek,  Bohemia;  Lemming,  Sweden;  Strauss,  Hungary;  Lunt- 
zer,  Hungary;  Haltenbach,  Germany;  M.  J.  Sheridan,  America; 
Jaervinen,  Finland;  B.  Papageorgiou,  Greece;  N.  Georgantas, 
Greece;  Edgren,  America;  David,  Hungary;  Aohlman,  Finland; 
M.  Sustera,  Bohemia;  W.  Dorr,  Germany;  Maudin,  Hungary; 
Tison,  France;  U.  ITaggman,  Finland, 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY. 

PUTTING  THE  SHOT. 
Held  on  Friday,  April  27,  1906. 

M.    J.    Sheridan,    America,   first;    distance,    12.325    meters 

44-5in.). 

David,  Hungary,  second;  distance,  11.83  meters   (38ft.  93-5111.). 
Lemming,  Sweden,  third;  distance,  11.26  meters   (36ft.  iO4-5in.). 

This  was  won  by  that  sterling,  all-round  champion,  Martin 
Sheridan,  who,  during  the  Olympic  Games,  easily  maintained  his 
reputation — that  of  being  the  world's  greatest  all-round  athlete. 

The  jury,  at  a  meeting  prior  to  the  holding  of  this  event,  de- 
cided that  the  shot  should  be  put  according  to  the  American  and 
English  rules,  and  the  officials  certainly  had  their  hands  full. 
Many  of  the  contestants  had  not  the  slightest  idea  of  what  shot- 
putting  meant  and  the  officials  on  several  occasions  were  forced 
to  declare  the  puts  of  some  contestants  "no  put."  This  was  par- 
ticularly true  of  Jaervinen,  "The  Big  Finn,"  as  the  boys  called 
him.  Had  he  been  allowed  to  throw  the  shot  he  certainly  would 
have  won. 

Sheridan's  victory  was  a  popular  one,  and,  in  fact,  every  time 
the  American  all-round  champion  appeared  in  the  Stadium  he 
was  cheered  to  the  echo. 

Eighteen  athletes  took  part  in  this  event. 


THROWING  THE  JAVELIN. 
Held  on  Friday,  April  26,  1906. 

Lemming,  Sweden,  first;  distance,  53.90  meters  (176  ft.  10  in.) 
Knut   Lindberg,   Sweden,   second;    distance,   45.17  meters    (i48ft. 

22-5in.). 
B.    Soderstrom,    Sweden,    third;    distance    44.92    meters     (i47ft. 

44-5in.). 
H.    Mellander,    Sweden,    fourth;    distance,   44.30   meters    (i45ft. 

33-Sin-). 

America  did  not  have  a  starter  in  the  javelin  throwing  contest, 
simply  because  it  was  an  event  that  our  athletes  knew  absolutely 
nothing  about.  It  is  a  pretty  event  and  will  no  doubt  become 
popular  in  this  country.  The  Swedes  certainly  had  things  all 
their  own  way  in  this  competition.  It  was  an  event  that  prac- 
tically was  a  gift  to  them. 

Following  is  a  complete  list  of  actual  competitors  in  the  jave- 
lin throwing  contest:  Kaltenbach,  Germany;  Arne  Halse,  Fin- 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETTC    LIBRARY.  93 

land ;  Br.  Soderstrom,  Sweden ;  Fr:  Soucek,  Bohemia ;  H.  Mel- 
lander,  Sweden ;  David,  Hungary ;  C.  Carlsrud,  Norway ;  E. 
Anedsakes,  Crete;  E.  Parouses,  Greece;  B.  Papageorgiou,  Greece; 
Mudin,  Hungary;  Luntzer,.  Hungary;  Jaervinen,  Finland;  E. 
Antoniades,  Samos ;  Knut  Lindberg,  Sweden ;  Lemming,  Swe- 
den ;  Aohlman,  Finland ;  A.  Tsolias,  Greece ;  Weinstein,  Ger- 
many; Heitman,  Finland;  Strauss,  Hungary;  Vargha,  Hungary. 


ATHLETIC  PENTATHLUM. 

Held  on  Monday,  April  30,  and  Tuesday,  May  I,  1906. 
This  competition  consists  of  the  following  events,  contested  in 
the  order  named : 

Standing  Broad  Jump, 
Throwing  the  Discus  (Greek  style), 
Throwing  the  Javelin, 

Running  one  Olympic  Stade  (192  meters), 
Wrestling  (Greco-Roman). 

The  points  were  scored  according  to  how  the  men  finished, 
the  man  with  the  lowest  number  of  points  winning  the  compe- 
tition. After  three  events  had  been  contested,  all  but  the  eight 
men  with  the  lowest  scores  were  eliminated,  and  after  the  run, 
two  more  men  with  the  highest  scores  were  eliminated,  leaving 
six  men  with  lowest  scores  for  the  wrestling  event,  which  was  a 
round-robin  competition. 

The  order  of  finish  was  as  follows : 

H.  Mellander,  Sweden,  first,  24  points ;  Mudin,  Hungary,  second, 
25  points ;  Lemming,  Sweden,  third,  29  points ;  U.  Haggman, 
Finland,  fourth,  34  points ;  L.  Robertson,  America,  fifth,  36 
points;  Knut  Lindberg,  Sweden,  sixth,  37  points. 
Robertson  was  first  in  the  standing  broad  jump  and  in  the  run ; 
Mudin  was  first  in  the  wrestling  and  discus,  and  Lemming  was 
first  in  the  javelin. 

It  was  in  the  Pentathlum  that  Martin  Sheridan's  knee  went 
back  on  him,  showing  conclusively  that  he,  like  the  others,  suf- 
fered from  the  accident  on  board  the  Barbarossa.  This  mishap 
to  Sheridan  accounts  for  his  not  winning  the  Pentathlum — the 
all-around  championship  of  the  world. 

TUG-OF-WAR. 

Held  on  Monday,  April  30,  1906. 
Germany,  first ;  Greece,  second ;  Sweden,  third. 


:? 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  95 

1,500  METERS  WALK. 
Held  on  Monday,  April  30,  1906. 

George  V.  Bonhag,  America,  first;  Donald  J.  Linden  (Canada), 
Great  Britain,  second ;  K.  Spetsiotis,  Greece,  third ;  G.  Sara- 
dakis,  Greece,  fourth ;  time,  7m.  12  3-55. 

This  .ended  as  many  walking  competitions  will  end — in  dispute — 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  a  walk  will  ever  appear  on  the  Olympic 
programme  again — and  it  should  not.  This  walking  match  clearly 
demonstrated  that  it  is  well  nigh  impossible  for  a  jury  of  men 
to  become  a  unit  when  a  man's  style  of  walking  is  questioned. 

There  were  many  starters  in  this  race,  some  of  them  good 
walkers — according  to  their  own  ideas — but  they  were  disquali- 
fied by  the  jury.  When  George  Bonhag  of  America  finished  first 
there  was  a  consultation  of  the  four  jurymen;  two  felt  positive 
that  he  walked  fairly  and  two  felt  equally  as  positive  that  he 
walked  unfairly,  and  the  matter  was  finally  settled  when  the 
president  of  the  jury  cast  his  vote  in  favor  of  Bonhag. 

Bonhag  did  not  expect  to  win  this  race.  He  just  entered  into 
the  spirit  of  it  and  thought  he  would  like  to  see  how  he  com- 
pared with  other  first-class  walkers.  Bonhag  certainly  walked  as 
fairly  as  any  of  the  placed  men. 

Following  is  a  complete  list  of  actual  competitors  in  the  1,500 
meters  walk:  Saradakis,  Turkey;  Spiegler,  Austria;  A.  Kouris, 
Greece;  D.  J.  Linden  (Canada),  Great  Britain;  X.  Basilakos, 
Greece;  R.  E.  Wilkinson,  England;  K.  Spetsiotes,  Greece;  G.  V. 
Bonhag,  America;  Stantics,  Hungary. 

ROPE  CLIMB,   10  METERS    (32ft.  8in.),  HAND  OVER 

HAND,  AGAINST  TIME. 
Held  on  Thursday,  April  26,  1906. 
D.  Aliprantis,  Greece,  first;  time,  112-55. 
Eroldi,  Hungary,  second ;  time,  1-3  4-5$. 
K.  Kozanitas,  Greece,  third ;  time,  13  4-55. 

The  rope  climbing  competition  was  interesting  and  the  win  was 
popular,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  winner  was  a  Greek.  His 
time  for  thirty-two  feet  was  very  fast  going  and  the  world's 
record  at  this  game. 

MARATHON  RACE. 
Held  on  Tuesday,  May  i,   1906. 

A  Greek  did  not  win  the  Marathon  race,  and  for  the  good  it 
would  have  done  sport,  it  is  too  bad  that  a  runner  of  that  na- 
tionality did  not  carry  off  the  honors.  To  be  sure,  we  all  give 


SPALDIXG'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRA/'  l'.  97 

great  credit  to  W.  J.  Sherring  of  Canada.  He  ran  a  plucky  race 
and  used  great  judgment  throughout  and  is  entitled  to  all  the 
glory  that  naturally  goes  with  a  victory  in  this  the  most  impor- 
tant race  of  the  Olympic  Games. 

The  Greeks  felt  confident  that  they  would  win  this  event.  Not 
only  the  Greeks  but  the  representatives  from  a  great  many 
of  the  foreign  countries  predicted  that  Greece  would  surely  have 
the  winner.  Among  the  Greeks  themselves  the  greatest  confi- 
dence prevailed.  In  discussing  the  race  before  it  took  place  they 
would  claim  that  "Greece  had  a  very  large  entry  in  it ;  their  men 
knew -the  course;  the  others  did  not,  and  furthermore,  didn't 
they  win  the  Marathon  Race  in  1896?"  They  seemed  to  place 
too  much  reliance  on  Louis'  win  in  1896. 

The  field  in  1906  was  a  different  one.  The  men  that  came  there 
from  foreign  countries  were  trained  athletes — training  for  years. 
The  competitors  in  the  Marathon  race  were  the  pick  of  distance 
runners  in  their  respective  countries,  and,  as  a  result,  the  Greeks 
never  had  a  chance,  the  first  Greek  home  finishing  fifth.  It  was 
clearly  evident  from  observation  and  investigation  that  the  Greeks 
did  not  go  into  the  training  of  their  Marathon  men  in  a  scien- 
tific manner.  It  is  too  bad  they  did  not,  for  had  they  won  I 
doubt  if  there  would  have  been  a  man  in  Stadium  that  would 
have  been  displeased. 

The  Marathon  race,  of  course,  is  a  Greek  event,  and  no  amount 
of  charging  can  alter  it.  The  distance  is  about  26  miles.  It 
starts  from  Marathon  and  finishes  in  the  Stadium.  The  race  was 
very  well  managed,  the  course  patrolled  perfectly  and  no  com- 
plaint can  possibly  be  made  by  any  of  the  contestants.  There  was 
not  a  soldier  left  in  the  barracks  on  the  day  of  the  Marathon 
race ;  they  were  all  out  on  the  course,  to  see  that  everything  was 
conducted  fairly.  At  about  every  five  miles  there  was  an  emer- 
gency tent,  with  medical  attendants  to  take  care  of  those  who 
desired  to  discontinue  the  r?ce.  Mounted  officers  followed  the 
leaders,  changing  their  mount  at  about  every  five  miles. 

The  committee  sent  all  of  the  contestants,  numbering  fifty- 
three,  to  Marathon  the  night  before  the  race.  This  was  quite  a 
large  number.  I  have  heard  that  the  accommodations  there  were 
not  up-to-date,  and  complaints  have  been  heard  from  some  of 
the  runners.  Personally,  I  think  it  was  a  mistake  to  send  the 
men  out  the  night  before;  they  could  just  as  well  have  been  sent 
out  on  the  day  of  the  Marathon  race  in  automobiles  or  carriages 
and  would  have  stood  the  journey  much  better. 

The  race  was  started  promptly  at  3  p.  m.,  and  immediately  the 
official  watches  were  dispatched  to  the  Stadium  in  charge  of 
Reginald  Caridia.  At  the  crack  of  the  starter's  pistol,  Blake, 


W.    G.   FRANK,   AMERICA,    FINISHING    THIRD    IN    THE    MARATHON 

RACE. 

Copyright  Photo  by  Bowden  Bros.,  London,  England. 


SPALDIXr.'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  9S 

the  Australian,  jumped  to  the  lead;  Will  Frank,  the  American, 
was  next  and  Daly  of  Ireland  was  third.  These  positions  were 
maintained  by  the  runners  for  the  first  four  miles,  when  Frank 
took  the  lead.  He  lead  from  about  the  fourth  to  the  seventh 
mile,  when  Blake  again  took  the  lead,  which  he  kept  till  about 
fifteen  miles  had  been  covered.  Frank  was  second  and  Sherring 
third.  At  this  point  Sherring,  who  was  running  quite  easily  and 
with  no  effort  whatever,  took  the  lead  and  was  never  headed. 
Frank  kept  in  second  place  until  within  a  few  miles  of  home 
when  the  Swede,  Svanberg,  passed  him.  Sherring,  continuing 
first,  had  no  trouble  whatever  in  taking  a  decided  lead  and 
reached  the  Stadium  eight  minutes  ahead  of  the  second  man. 

As  Sherring  entered  the  Stadium  he  was  met  at  the  door  by 
Prince  George,  who  ran  with  him  the  entire  length  of  the 
Stadium,  applauding  him  vigorously.  The  80,000  people  within 
the  Stadium  were  Greek  sympathizers,  but  they  took  their  cue 
from  the  sportsmanlike  conduct  of  the  Prince  and  cheered  Sher- 
ring as  no  victor  was  ever  cheered  before  in  an  athletic  contest. 
The  King  and  the  members  of  the  Royal  Family  applauded  him, 
and  a  large  bouquet  of  flowers  was  sent  to  him  by  Queen  Olga. 
As  Sherring  entered  the  marble  arch  doorway  leading  to  the 
dressing  room  it  was  through  a  shower  of  roses  that  he  went, 
which  certainly  must  have  gratified  that  plucky  victor. 

On  the  day  of  the  Marathon  race  it  looked  as  though  -the 
people  from  all  parts  of  Greece  were  congregated  in  the  Stadium 
or  its  -vicinity — at  the  gates  and  on  the  Hill  of  Ardettos — and 
on  the  Marathon  road  for  miles  out.  The  contestants  themselves 
say  that  they  never  saw  such  a  crowd  as  lined  the  roads  for  at 
least  five  miles  from  the  Stadium  gate.  There  must  have  been 
150,000  spectators  on  the  road,  in  addition  to  80,000  in  the 
Stadium  and  40,000  on  the  hills  surrounding  the  Stadium — a 
spectacle  long  to  be  remembered. 

It  is  only  fair  to  Frank  to  say  that  he  was  for  a  long  time 
without  an  attendant,  the  attendant  assigned  to  him  having  the 
misfortune  to  have  his  bicycle  'break  down,  which  of  course  was 
to  Frank's  disadvantage. 

The  Greeks  started  enough  men  in  this  race  to  win,  for  the 
clerk  of  the  course  checked  up  no  less  than  thirty-three  Greek 
starters. 

Following  will  be  found  the  names  of  the  first  fourteen  men 
home : 

W.  J.  Sherring  (Canada),  Great  Britain,  first;  John  Svanberg, 
Sweden,  second ;  W.  G.  Frank,  America,  third ;  G.  Tornros, 
Sweden,  fourth ;  J.  Alepous,  Greece,  fifth ;  Geo.  Blake,  Austria, 
sixth ;  K.  Karvellas,  Greece,  seventh ;  Rofi,  France,  eighth ;  B. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  101 

Koskoris,  Greece,  ninth ;  C.  IT.  Ntabaris,  Greece,  tenth ;  G. 
Chountoumadis,  Greece,  eleventh;  J.  Forshaw,  America,  twelfth; 
V.  L.  Negrepontes,  Turkey,  thirteenth;  N.  J.  Cor  mack,  England, 
fourteenth. 

Time,  2  hours  51  min.  233-5  sec. 

Won  by  7  minutes.     Frank's  time,  3  hours  464-5  sec. 

The  Greek  Committee  had  special  rules  drawn  up  for  the 
Marathon  race.  The  race  was  run  on  the  high  road  from 
Marathon  to  Athens,  which  is  steep  and  hilly  until  within  a 
couple  of  miles  of  the  Stadium,  and  is  a  hard  course.  The  road 
is  built  of  macadam  and  was  fairly  good  going.  The  day  on 
which  the  Marathon  race  was  run  was  frightfully  hot,  which  af- 
fected the  runners  a  great  deal.  Each  contestant  was  entitled  to 
be  followed  by  one  handler  on  a  bicycle,  bearing  on  his  chest  the 
same  number  as  that  of  the  contestant.  He  was  permitted  to 
offer  the  contestant  medicines  or  refreshments  at  any  time  during 
the  race.  If  the  runner  was  attended  by  two  or  more  handlers 
he  was  immediately  disqualified,  and  each  entry  had  to  declare  the 
name  of  his  handler  before  the  race  was  started.  It  was  not 
necessary,  however,  for  one  handler  to  follow  a  man  the  entire 
distance.  The  runner  could  declare  separate  handlers  at  various 
points  of  the  road.  They  would  have  to  bear  the  same  number  as 
the  contestant,  however,  but  of  different  colors,  each  section  of 
the  road  being  designated  by  a  certain  color.  Immediately  on 
reaching  the  arch  in  front  of  the  Stadium  the  handler  must 
leave  the  runner  and  enter  by  a  different  gate.  Each  contestant 
before  being  allowed  to  start  was  examined  as  to  his  physical 
condition. 

The  start  of  the  race  was  witnessed  by  about  300  peasants  \vho 
took  great  interest  in  it.  For  the  first  twenty  miles  of  the  race 
the  runners  ran  through  knots  of  people,  but  no  large  crowds. 
The  crowds  began  to  increase  about  five  miles  from  home  and 
from  this  point  on  the  officers  in  charge  at  times  had  to  use 
force  to  get  a  space  of  three  feet  for  the  men  to  come  through. 

Frank  and  Sherring  ran  together  for  several  miles  of  the 
journey,  and  at  about  the  eighteenth  mile,  when  Sherring  was 
leaving  Frank  he  called  out:  "Well,  good-bye,  Billy,"  and  off  he 
went  on  his  triumphal  run. 

LIFTING  THE  BAR  BELL  WITH  BOTH  HANDS. 

Held  on  Thursday  morning,  April  28,  1906. 
D.  Tofolas,  first,  with  a  lift  of  142.4  kilos  (317.64  Ibs.). 
Steinbach,  Austria,  second,  with  a  lift  of  136.5  kilos  (300  i7-2olbs.). 
Maspoli,  France,  Rondi,  France,  Schneiderreit,  Germany,  tied  for 

third,  with  129.5  kilos  (285  50  Ibs.). 


3 

03 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  103 

This  competition  was  interesting  and  exciting  and  without 
doubt  the  final  test  was  between  two  of  the  strongest  amateurs 
in  the  world.  Some  people  criticised  the  actions  of  Mr.  Stein- 
bach  in  this  event — and  justly  so.  There  was  ill-feeling,  of 
course,  and  he  was  mainly  responsible  for  it. 

When  the  final  test  came  it  was  found  by  the  jury  that  Mr. 
Steinbach  objected  to  the  Greek  rules,  which  prescribed  how 
the  bar  bell  should  be  lifted.  Steinbach  could  not — or  would  not 
— lift  the  bar  according  to  these  rules.  D.  Tofolas  of  Greece 
could — and  did.  Steinbach  made  three  baby-like  attempts  to  lift 
the  weight  and  finally  dropped  it  in  disgust.  Tofolas  made  three 
very  good  attempts;  two  of  them  were  not 'allowed,  but  the  third 
was  made  according  to  the  rules  and  he  was  declared  the  winner. 

After  the  competition  was  over,  after  the  jury  had  left  the 
weights  and  Tofolas  had  been  declared  the  winner,  Steinbach 
came  back  to  the  particular  weight  that  Tofolas  had  lifted  and 
then  easily  raised  it  according  to  his  own  method. 

Of  course,  those  in  the  Stadium  did  not  know  that  he  had 
raised  it  wrongly  and  the  result  was  that  the  fair-minded  Greeks 
thought  that  Steinbach  had  been  robbed  of  a  victory,  and  for 
the  moment  the  jury  became  very  unpopular.  This  was  a  very 
unsportsmanlike  act  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Steinbach,  and  no  doubt 
he  regrets  it  now  more  than  any  one.  He  is  a  great  weight 
lifter,  but  was  fairly  beaten  in  this  competition  according  to  the 
rules  laid  down. 

Following  is  the  rule  that  Mr.  Steinbach  of  Austria  would  not 
live  up  to : 

(c)  It  is  forbidden  to  let  the  weight  rest  on  the 
knees  or  on  the  stomach  in  lifting  it  to  the  shoulder. 
But,  if  in  carrying  it  from  the  shoulder  above  the 
head,  the  bar  touches  the  chest  of  the  competitor, 
the  lifting  is  taken  into  consideration. 

Following  is  a  complete  list  of  competitors  in  the  two-handed 
weight  lifting  event:  Cammilloti,  Italy;  K.  Tsitas,  Greece;  D. 
Tofolas,  Greece;  P.  Kakousis,  Greece;  Phillipe  Nassif,  Egypt; 
S.  Krestopoulos,  Greece;  A.  Rudel,  Egypt;  M.  Dubois,  Belgium; 
C.  Svensson,  Sweden ;  I.  Barannakes,  Greece ;  Geogriades, 
Smyrna;  Steinbach,  Austria;  M.  Photas,  Greece;  Rebora,  Italy; 
Aug.  Gustafsson,  Sweden;  Salemi,  Italy;  Anton  Gustafsson, 
Sweden ;  Maspoli,  France,  M.  Jensen,  Denmark ;  Grahl,  Austria ; 
E.  Columbani,  Egypt;  Weisz,  Hungary;  Ritzenhof,  Germany; 
Schneiderreit,  Germany. 


GEORGE    GEORGANTAS,  GREEK    ENTRY,  IN    THE    ACT    OF    THROW- 
ING   THE    STONE.     HE    WON    THIS    CHAMPIONSHIP. 

Copyright  Photo  by  Bowdeu  Bros.,  London,  England. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  105 

DUMB-BELL    COMPETITION. 
Lifting  the  Dumb-Bell  with  each  hand  separately. 
Steinbach,  Austria,  first;  76.55  kilos  (1083-5  Ibs.) 
Camillotti,  Italy,  second;  73.75  kilos  (162.58  Ibs.). 
Schneiderreit,  Germany,  third;  70.75  kilos  (156  Ibs.). 

THROWING  THE  STONE. 
Held    on    Friday,    April   27,    1906. 

Georgantas,  Greece,  first;  distance,  19.925  meters  (65  ft.  4  in.). 
M.  J.  Sheridan,  America,  second;  distance,  19.035  meters  (62ft. 

5,  in.). 
M.  Dorizas,  Greece,  third;  distance,  18.585  meters  (61  ft.  9  in.). 

George  Georgantas  of  Greece  won  this  event  in  good  style 
and  deserves  a  great  deal  of  credit  for  beating  Sheridan,  who  is 
an  extraordinary  good  man  at  almost  any  event,  and  Georgantas' 
win  was  a  popular  one.  Of  course,  had  James  S.  Mitchel  been 
a  competitor  he  would  certainly  have  won  this  event,  for,  in 
stone  throwing,  I  doubt  if  he  has  a  peer. 

Mitchel  was  one  of  the  unfortunates  that  were  injured  in  the 
Barbarossa  accident;  in  fact,  more  so  than  the  others,  for  he 
has  his  shoulder  dislocated  and  it  was  utterly  impossible  for  him 
to  throw  the  stone.  Sheridan's  work  in  this  event  was  simply 
remarkable.  This  is  something  he  had  never  expected  to  enter. 
It  only  goes  to  show  that  Sheridam  was  a  safe  man  for  any  event 
that  America  wished  to  enter  him  in. 

Following  is  a  complete  list  of  actual  competitors  in  the  stone- 
throwing  contest : 

O.  Franke,  Germany ;  Deffarge,  France ;  Witmann,  Austria ; 
M.  J.  Sheridan,  America ;  J.  Wagner,  Germany ;  Kaltenbach, 
Germany ;  Aohlmann,  Finland ;  G.  Papakrestou,  Greece ;  M. 
Doridsas,  Turkey ;  Lahner,  Austria ;  Lemming,  Sweden ;  N. 
Georgantas,  Greece;  Jaervinen,  Finland;  David,  Hungary;  B. 
Papageorgiou,  Greece;  Ritzenhof,  Germany. 


PALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  107 


COMPLETE  SUMMARY 


PART    I. 
ATHLETIC  SPORTS— TRACK  AND  FIELD. 

100  meter  run — i.  Archie  Hahn,  America;  2.  F.  Moulton,  Amer- 
ica; 3.  Nigel  Barker  (Australia),  Great  Britain.  Time, 
ii  i-5sec. 

no  meter  hurdles — i.  R.  G.  Leavitt,  America;  2.  H.  Healy  (Aus- 
tralia) Great  Britain;  3.  V.  Dunker,  Germany.  Time, 
16  i-5sec. 

400  meter  run — i.  P.  H.  Pilgrim,  America ;  2.  W.  Halswell,  Eng- 
land;  3.  Nigel  Barker  (Australia),  Great  Britain.  Time, 
53  i-Ssec. 

800  meter  run — i.  P.  H.  Pilgrim,  America ;  2.  J.  D.  Lightbody, 
America;  3.  W.  Halswell,  England.  Time,  2tnin.  i  i-5sec. 

1500  meter  run — i.  J.  D.  Lightbody,  America;  2.  J.  MacGough 
(Scotland),  Great  Britain;  3.  Kr.  Hellestrom,  Sweden. 
Time,  4min.  i2sec. 

5-mile  run — i.  H.  Hawtrey,  England ;  2.  J.  Svanberg,  Sweden ; 
3.  Ed.  Dahl,  Sweden.  Time,  2,6mm.  26  i-5sec. 

Marathon  run,  42  kilometers  (26  miles  approximately,) — i.  W.  J. 
Sherring  (Canada),  Great  Britain;  time,  2hrs.  5imin. 
23  3-5sec.  2.  J.  Svanberg,  Sweden ;  time,  2hrs.  58min. 
20  4-5sec.  3.  W.  G.  Frank,  America ;  time,  3hrs.  46  4~5sec. 

Standing  broad  jump — i.  Ray  Ewry,  America;  distance,  loft, 
loin.  2.  M.  Sheridan,  America ;  distance,  loft,  i  7-8111. 
3.  L.  Robertson,  America;  distance,  loft.  i-i6in. 

Running  broad  jump — i.  Myer  Prinstein,  America;  23ft.  71-2111. 

2.  P.    G.    O'Connor    (Ireland),    Great    Britain;    23ft.    i-2in. 

3.  H.  Friend,  America;  22ft.  loin. 

Standing  high  jump — i.  Ray  Ewry,  America;  5ft.  i  5-8in.   2.  Leon 

Dupont,    Belgium;    M.    Sheridan,    America  ;^L.    Robertson, 

America  ;  4ft.  7  i-8in. 
Running    high    jump—  i.  'Leahy    (Ireland),    Great    Britain;    5ft. 

gin.     2.  Goenczy,  Hungary;  5ft.  8  7-8111.    3.  Diakidis,  Greece; 

Kerrigan,  America;  5ft.  77-8111. 
Triple  jump— i.   P.  G.  O'Connor   (Ireland),  Great  Britain;  46ft. 

2in.      2.  C.    Leahy    (Ireland),    Great    Britain;    45ft.    103-810, 

3.  T.  Cronan.  America;  44ft.  113-8*11. 


I 


, 

: 


I 


If 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  109 

Pole  vault — i.  Gouder,  France;  lift.  6in.  2.  Soderstrom,  Sweden; 
lift,  i  4-5in.  3.  E.  Glover,  America;  lift. 

Throwing  the  discus  (Greek  style) — i.  Jaervinen,  Finland, 
ii5ft.  4in.  2.  N.  Georgantas,  Greece;  I07ft.  75-16111.  3. 
Mudin,  Hungary;  iO4ft.  8  i-4in. 

Throwing  the  discus  (free  style) — i.  M.  Sheridan,  America; 
I36ft.  i-3in.  2.  Georgantas,  Greece;  12411..  loin.  3.  Jaervin- 
en, Finland;  I2oft.  99-i6in. 

Throwing  the  stone  (14  Ibs.) — i.  Georgantas,  Greece,  65ft.  4  1-5111. 

2.  M.  Sheridan,  America ;  62ft.  4  4~5in.     3.  Dorizas,  Greece ; 
6oft.  gin. 

Putting  the  shot — i.  M.  Sheridan,  America;  4oft.  5in.  2.  David, 
Hungary;  38ft.  9  3~5in.  3.  Lemming,  Sweden;  36ft.  I04-5in. 

Throwing  the  Javelin — i,  Lemming,  Sweden;  I75ft.  6in.  2.  Lind- 
berg,  Sweden ;  I48ft.  2  2-5in.  3.  Soderstrom,  Sweden,  I47ft. 
4-5in. 

ATHLETIC   PENTATHLUM. 

ALL  AROUND  CHAMPIONSHIP. 

Five  Events. 

1.  Mellander,  Sweden,  24  points; 

2.  Mudin,   Hungary,   25   points ; 

3.  Lemming,  Sweden,  29  points. 

Bar  bell  lifting,  2  hands — i.  Tofalos,  Greece,  142.08  kilos  (3137-10 

Ibs.).     2.  Steinbach,  Austria,  136.50  kilos   (300  17-20  Ibs.).     3. 

Maspoli,   France ;  Rondi,  Germany ;   Schneiderreit,  Germany, 

132  kilos  (290  9-10  Ibs.). 
Dumb-bell  lifting,  either  hand — i.  Steinbach,  Austria,  76.550  kilos 

(1683-5  Ibs.).     2.  Camilloti,  Italy,  73.450  kilos   (1613-4  Ibs.). 

3.  Schneiderreit,  Germany,  70.750  kilos   (156  Ibs.). 
Wrestling   (Greek  style),   light-weight  class — i.  Watzl,   Austria. 

2.  Karlsen,  Denmark.     3.  Holuban,  Hungary. 

Wrestling  (Greek  style),  middle-weight  class — i.  Weckman,  Fin- 
land. 2.  Lindmayer,  Austria.  3.  Behrens,  Denmark. 

Wrestling  (Greek  style),  heavy-weight  class — i,  J.  Jensen,  Den- 
mark. 2.  Baur,  Austria.  3.  M.  Dubois,  Belgium. 

Wrestling  championship — Won  by  J.  Jensen  of  Denmark. 

Team  wrestling — i.  German  team  (Rondi,  Schneiderreit,  Born, 
Wagner,  Kramer,  Dorr,  Ritzenhof,  Hofmann).  2.  Greek 
team  (Bellas,  Triboulides,  Papakristou,  B.  Psakos,  Sp. 
Ladsaros,  Tsitas,  G.  Psakos,  K.  Ladsaros).  3  Swedish ^team. 

1500  meter  walk — i.  G.  V.  Bonhag,  America.  2.  Donald  Linden, 
Canada.  3.  Spetsiotis,  Greece.  Time,  7min.  i2-3-5sec.  v 


GEORGE    V.    BONHAG,   AMERICA,   WINNING  THE  1500  METER  RACE. 
Copyright  I'hoto  by  Bowden  Bros.,  London,  England. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  Ill 

Rope-climbing  contest,  distance  10  meters  (32ft.  93-5in.)  —  i,  G. 
Aliprantis,  Greece;  time,  n  2-5sec.  2.  Erodi,  limitary;  time, 
13  4-5sec.  3.  Kozanitas,  Greece;  time,  13  4~5sec. 

Tug-of-war — I.  Germany.     2.  Greece.     3.  Sweden. 

PART  II. 
GYMNASTICS.  ' 

Team  gymnastics — i.   Norwegian  team ;  Danish  team.     2.  Italian 

team   (Pitchogue)  ;  Italian  team   (Rome)  ;  German  team. 

ALL  AROUND  GYMNASTIC  CHAMPIONSHIPS. 

Five  Events. 

First  class — Lavielle,  France ;  Weber,  Germany ;  Pissie,  France  ; 
Braglia,  Italy ;  Schwartz,  Germany ;  Ohms,  Germany ;  Paysse, 
France ;  Kramer,  Germany ;  Charmoille,  France ;  Gubiani, 
Italy;  N.  Aliprantis,  Greece;  Erodi,  Hungary;  Honzatko, 
Bohemia;  Massoti,  Italy. 

Second  class — Anastassoglous,  Greece ;  Akestoridis,  Greece ; 
Schirmer,  Germany;  Wiegand,  Germany;  Despotopoulos, 
Greece ;  G.  Aliprantis,  Greece ;  Daner,  Hungary ;  Mahler, 
Germany ;  Andersen,  Norway ;  Polakis,  Greece ;  Graff,  Hun- 
gary; Hermes,  Germany;  Wagner,  Germany. 

ALL  AROUND  GYMNASTIC  CHAMPIONSHIPS. 
Six  Events. 

First    class — Weber,    Germany;    Pissie,    France;    Braglia, , Italy ; 

Ohms,      Germany ;      Paysse,      France ;      Carmoille,     France ; 

Gubiani,  Italy;  Erodi,  Hungary;  Massoti,  Italy. 
Second   class — Lavielle,    France;    Schirmer,   Germany;    Wiegand, 

Germany;    Daner,    Hungary;     Kramer,    Germany;     Mahler, 

Germany;  Polakis,  Greece;  ITonzatko,  Bohemia. 

GENERAL  FIELD  SPORTS. 

PART  III. 
LAWN  TENNIS. 

Gentlemen's    singles    championships — i.    M.    Decugis,    France.     2. 

Germot,  France.     3.  J.  Z.  Zemla,  Bohemia. 
Gentlemen's  doubles  championships— i.  Decugis,  France  ;  Germot, 

France.     2.  Balis,  Greece;  Z.  Kadsdaglis,  Egypt;  3.  J.  Zemla, 

Bohemia ;  R.  Zemla,  Bohemia. 


THE    FINISH    OF    THE    800    METER    RUN. 

Paul  Pilgrim  on  the  inside,  Lightbody  on  the  outside.    Won  by  Pilgrim. 

Copyright  Photo  by  Bowden  Bros.,  London,  England. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  113 

Ladies'   singles   championships — i.   Miss   Semyriotou,   Greece.     2. 

Miss  Marinou,  Greece.    3.  Mrs.  Paspati,  Greece. 
Mixed  doubles  championships — i.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Decugis,  France. 

2.  Miss  Marinou,  Greece;   Mr.   Semeriotis,  Greece.     3.  Miss 
Matsa,  Greece;  Mr.  Kadsdaglis,  Greece. 

INTERNATIONAL  FOOT  BALL  CHAMPIONSHIP, 
i.  Danish  team.    2.  Smyrna  team.    3.  Salonica  team. 

PART  IV. 
SWORD  CONTESTS. 

Foils  contest — i.  Dillon  Cavanagh,  France.    2.  Casimir,  Germany. 

3.  Hugues,  France. 

Sword  championship — i.  Comte  de  la  Falaise,  France.  2.  Dillon 
Cavanagh,  France.  3.  Van  Bligenburgh,  Holland. 

Saber  championship — i.  Georgiadis,  Greece.  2.  Casimir,  Ger- 
many. 3.  Cesarano,  Italy. 

Three-cornered  saber  contest — i.  Casimir,  Germany.  2.  Van 
Rosen,  Holland.  3.  Toth,  Hungary. 

International  sword  contest  for  teams — i.  French  team  (Hugues, 
Dillon  Cavanagh,  Mohr,  Captain  de  la  Falaise).  2.  English 
team  (Desbrough,  Duf.  Gordon,  Newton,  Robertson,  Selig- 
man).  3.  Belgian  team  (Cloquet,  Montigny,  Crahay,  Le 
Hardi  de  Beaulieu). 

International  sabre  contest  for  teams — i.  German  team  (Ekrath 
de  Bary,  Petri  Casimir,  Schon).  2.  Greek  team  (Georgiadis, 
Sakorrafos,  Zormpas,  Kordogiannis).  3.  Holland  team 
(Baron  Melville  de  Carubee,  Lt.  Otsen,  Lt.  Van  Rossen,  Lt. 
Lobensels). 

Sword  contest  for  teachers — i.  Verbrugge,  Belgium.  2.  Gubiani, 
ItaJy.  3.  Raises,  Greece. 

Saber  contest  for  teachers — i.  Verbrugge,  Belgium.  2.  Raisis, 
Greece. 

PART  V. 
NAUTICAL  SPORTS. 

ico  meter  swim — i.  Daniels,  America ;  time,  imin.  I3sec.  2. 
Halmay,  Hungary.  3.  Healy  (Australia),  Great  Britain. 

400  meter  swim— i.  Sheff,  Austria ;  time,  6min.  23  4-5sec.  2.  Tay- 
lor, England.  3.  Jarvis,  England. 

1600  meter  swim — i.  Taylor,  England ;  time,  28min.  28sec.  2. 
Jarvis,  England.  3.  Sheff,  Austria. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  115 

TEAM  SWIMMING  CONTEST. 

1000  meters — i.  Hungarian  team  (Halmay,  Hajos,  Kiss,  Onody)  ; 
time,  i6min.  522-5sec.  2.  German  team  (Bahnmeyer,  Pape, 
Rausche,  Schiele)  ;  time  I7min.  16  i-5sec.  3.  English  team 
(Derbyshire,  Henry,  Jarvis,  Taylor). 

Diving,  height  4  to  12  meters — i.  Walz,  Germany.  2.  Hoffman, 
Germany.  3.  Salzinger,  Austria. 

Canoe  race,  singles— i.  Delaplane,  Canoe  de  la  Societe  de  la 
Basse-Seine  de  Paris,  France.  2.  Laram,  Canoe  de  1'aviron 
Bayonnais,  France. 

Gigs,  pair  oared  (two  oarsmen  and  coxswain)  1000  meters,  i. 
Canot  du  Club  Buccintoro,  Italy  (Enrico  Brunna,  Enrico 
Fontanella,  Georgio  Cesana,  coxswain).  2.  Canot  du  Club 
Barrion,  Italy  (Liugi  Diana,  Francisco  Avera,  Emilio 
Cesarana,  coxswain).  3.  Canot  du  Club  de  la  Basse-Seine, 
France  (Delaplane,  Delaporte). 

Gigs,  pair  oared  (two  oarsmen  and  coxswain)  1600  meters — I. 
Canot  du  Club  Buccintoro,  Italy  (Emilio  Brunna,  Enrico 
Fontanella,  Georgio  Cerana,  coxswain).  2.  Canot  du  Club 
Nautique  de  Gand,  Belgium  (Max  Orban,  Remy  Orban, 
Psilakos,  coxswain).  3.  Canot  de  1'aviron  Bayonnais,  France 
(Bernard,  J.  Halcet,  J.  B.  Mathieu,  coxswain). 

Gigs,  four-oared,  with  coxswain,  2000  meters — i.  Canot  du  Club 
Buccintoro,  Italy  (Enrico  Brunna,  Emilio  Fontanella,  Ric- 
cardo  Jandinoni,  Georgio  Cesana,  Giuseppe  Poli,  coxswain). 

2.  Canot  du  Club  de  la  Basse-Seine,  France  (Delaplane,  Dela- 
porte, Delignieres,  Echard  Jr.,  Marcel  Frebough,  coxswain,). 

3.  Canot    de    1'aviron,    Bayonnais,    France    (A.    Bernard,    J. 
Halcet,  J.  Laporte,  Larram,  J.  B.  Mathieu,  coxswain). 

Man-of-war  gig,  six  oars,  2000  meters — i.  Gig  of  the  ship 
''Varesa,"  Italy.  2.  Gig  of  the  man-of-war  "Spetsai,"  Greece. 
3.  Gig  of  the  man-of-war  "Idra,"  Greece. 

Man-of-war's  long  boats,  3000  meters — i.  Senior  long  boat  of  the 
"Olga,"  Greece.  2.  Senior  long  boat  of  the  "Idra,"  man-of- 
war,  Greece.  3.  Long  boat  of  the  "Varese,"  Italy. 

PART  VI. 
SHOOTING. 

Any  recognized  army  rifle,  300  meters,  standing  or  kneeling — 
i.  Richardct,  Switzerland.  2.  Reich,  Switzerland.  3.  Captain 
de  Boigne,  France. 

Gras  army  rifle,  200  meters,  standing  or  kneeling — i.  Captain 
Moreaux,  France.  2.  Richardet,  Switzerland.  3.  Reich, 
Switzerland. 


MARTIN    J.    SHERIDAN.    AMERICAN    WINNER     AT     PUTTING     THE 

16-LB.  SHOT. 
Copyright  Photo  by  Bowden  Bros.,  London,  England. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  117 

Any  rifle,  300  meters,  standing  or  kneeling — i.  Meyer  de  Stadel- 
hofen,  Switzerland.  2.  Staegeli,  Switzerland.  3.  Captain 
Moreau,  France. 

International  teams  of  five,  300  meters — I,  Switzerland  (Staeheli, 
Meyer  de  Stadelhofen,  Richardet,  Reich,  Griitter).  2.  Nor- 
way (Moller,  Helgerud,  Braathe,  Holm,  Skattebo).  3.  France 
(Fouconnier,  Captain  Moreaux,  Foure,  Captain  de  Boigne, 
Lecoq) . 

Gun  championship — Skattebo,  Norway. 

Gun  championship,  standing  position — Skattebo,  Norway. 

Gun  championship,  kneeling  position— Staeheli,  Switzerland. 

Gun   championship,   prone  position — Skattebo,   Norway. 

Any  recognized  army  revolver,  20  meters — i.  Richardet,  Switzer- 
land. 2.  Theofilakis,  Greece.  3.  Skotadis,  Greece. 

Army  revolver,  design  1873,  20  meters — i.  Fouconnier,  France. 
2.  Captain  de  Boigne,  France.  3.  Herman  Martin,  France. 

Any  revolver,  25  meters — i.  Lecoq,  France.  2.  Captain  Moreaux, 
France.  3.  P.  Rankavis,  Greece. 

Any  revolver,  50  meters — i.  G.  Orthanidis,  Greece.  2.  Foucin- 
nier,  France.  3.  A.  Rankavis,  Greece. 

Duelling  pistols,  20  meters,  deliberate  aim — i.  Captain  Moreaux, 
France.  2.  Liverziani,  Italy.  3.  Lecoq,  France. 

Duelling  pistols,  25  meters,  at  command — i.  Skarlatos,  Greece. 
2.  Hiibner  Von  Hoist,  Sweden.  3.  W.  Carlberg,  Sweden. 

Sporting  shotgun,  clay  pigeons,  single  shot — i,  Gerald  Merlin, 
England.  2.  Peridis,  Greece.  3.  Sidney  Merlin,  England. 

Sporting  shotgun,  clay  pigeons,  double  shot — i.  Sidney  Merlin, 
England ;  2,  A.  Metaxas,  Greece.  3.  Gerald  Merlin,  England. 

PART  VII. 

BICYCLING. 

loco  meters  race — i,  Verri,  Italy.     2.  Bouffler,  England.     3.  De- 

bougnie,  Belgium;  time,   imin.  42  i-5sec. 
333  i~3  meters  race — i.   Verri,   Italy.     2.   Crowther,   England.     3. 

Menjou,  France;  time,  224-5sec. 
Tandem   race,   2000  meters — i.    Matthews   and   Rush  en,   England. 

2.    M.   Gotze   and   B.    Gotze,   Germany.     3.   Dannenberg  and 

Kiipferling,  Germany. 
5000   meters    race — i.    Verri,    Italy.      2.    Crowther,    England.      3. 

Vast,    France;    time,   8min.    35sec. 
20  kilometer  paced  race   (about  12  miles)— i.  Pett,  England.     2. 

Bardonneau,  France.     3.  Vast,  France;  time,  2Qmin. 
84  kilometer  road  race   (on  the  road  from  Marathon  to  Athens, 

about  50  or  52  miles) — i.  Vast  and  Bardonneau,  France;  time, 

2hrs.   4imin.   285*0,      2.   Luguet,   France;    time,   2hrs.   4imin. 

28  3-5sec. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  119 

LIST   OF  COMPETITORS  FROM  EACH   COUNTRY  IN 

THE  OLYMPIC  GAMES  AT  ATHENS. 
Greece— including   Athens,   Sparta,    Isle   of   Crete,    Salonica, 
Samos,    Isle  of   Cyprus,   Thessaly   and   Grecian   Archi- 
pelago       298 

Finland    4 

Great  Britain — including  England  proper,  Ireland,  Scotland, 

Canada   and   Australia    66 

Germany ^2 

Belgium 23 

Constantinople    (Turkey)    12 

Sweden    57 

Denmark    56 

Italy    > 39 

Holland    18 

Norway    44 

America — including    two    entries    from    Robert    College    at 

Constantinople    43 

France     73 

Bohemia    27 

Switzerland    •  • 10 

Egypt    5 

Russia 4 

Hungary    35 

Austria     35 


Total  number  of  entries  received   901 

THE  SCORE  IN  THE   STADIUM   EVENTS. 

There  were  contested,  during  the  Olympic  Games,  twenty-four 
athletic  events  in  the  Stadium,  these  events,  of  course,  forming 
the  feature  of  the  games,  for  it  was  the  athletic  events  that  were 
witnessed  by  the  thousands  and  thousands  of  people,  and  the 
scoring  of  the  different  countries  as  represented  makes  interest- 
ing reading.  America  was  first,  with  75  1-6  points ;  England 
was  second,  with  41  points;  Sweden,  third,  with  28  points; 
Greece,  fourth,  with  271-2  points;  Hungary,  fifth,  with  13 
points ;  Austria  was  sixth,  with  8  points,  scored  by  Steinbach,  the 
weight  lifter;  Germany,  seventh,  with  72-3  points;  Finland, 
eighth,  with  6  points;  France,  ninth,  with  51-3  points;  Italy, 
tenth,  with  3  points,  and  Belgium,  eleventh,  with  I  1-3  points. 

Thus  it  will  be  ser-n  that  the  scoring  of  the  Olympic  Games 
was  confined  to  eleven  countries,  as  follows :  America,  Eng- 
land, Sweden,  Greece,  Hungary,  Austria,  Germany,  France, 
Italy,  Belgium  and  Finland.  Following  is  a  complete  score 
of  points: 


R.  P.  CRABBE.  A.  R.  CHURCHILL. 

Two  Prominent  English  Competitors  in   the  Running  Events. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY. 


121 


6  — ;    . 
.  .15^ 


ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  123 


OTHER.  OLYMPIC  GAMES 


For  the  purpose  of  comparison  we  publish  herewith  the  rec- 
ords of  previous  Olympic  Games,  as  compiled  by  the  Greek 
Committee  and  published  in  their  official  booklet.  These  Olympic 
Games  have  been  held  at  Athens  in  1896,  at  Paris  in  1900,  and 
at  St.  Louis  in  1904,  all  ander  sanction  of  the  International 
Committee. 

Prior  to  the  games  at  Athens  the  most  notable  games,  from 
an  athletic  standpoint,  were  the  ones  held  at  Paris,  and  a  great 
deal  of  credit  for  the  success  of  the  Olympic  Games  at  Paris 
was  due  entirely  to  Mr.  A.  G.  Spalding,  who  was  the  American 
Director  of  the  Olympic  Games  and  American  representative. 
Fifty-five  athletes  went  from  this  country  to  uphold  the  honor 
of  America,  and  they  were  without  doubt  as  high  a  class  of  ath- 
letes as  ever  competed,  as  the  performances  of  1900  show. 

The  Olympic  Games  at  St.  Louis  were  conducted  very  success- 
fully. Athletically  speaking,  no  one  could  ask  for  more.  They 
extended  over  many  months  and  hundreds  of  Olympic  Cham- 
pionships were  contested,  the  features,  of  course,  being  the  ath- 
letic games  in  the  Stadium  at  St.  Louis  during  the  first  week  of 
August — the  Olympic  Games.  As  a  matter  of  comparison,  how- 
ever, it  might  be  stated  that  in  point  of  interest  the  French 
people  took  no  interest  in  the  Olympic  Games  of  1900,  when 
compared  with  the  interest  taken  in  them  at  Athens  in  1906. 
The  entire  number  of  people  who  witnessed  the  Olympic  Games 
at  Paris  and  the  number  of  people  that  witnessed  the  games  at 
St.  Louis,  if  added  together  they  would  not  equal  the  number 
of  people,  by  many  thousands,  who  attended  the  opening  cere- 
monies at  the  Olympic  Games  at  Athens  on  April  22,  1906.  This 
is  what  the  writer  means  by  speaking  so  frequently  of  all  other 
games  suffering  by  comparison,  when  one  thinks  of  how  they 
conducted  the  athletic  games  or  Olympic  Games  at  Athens. 


124  SPATJltNn'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARi, 


RECORDS  OF  OLYMPIC  GAMES. 

Events.  Athens,    1896.  Paris,    1900. 

60   metre    run Kraenzlein,    7s.,    America 

100    metre    run Burke,    12s.,    America Jarvis,     10  4-5s.,     America 

200    metre    run Towksbury,    22  l-5s.,    Amor... 

400    metre    run Burke,    54  l-5s.,    America. Long,     49  2-5s.,     America 

800    metre    run Flack,    2m.    lls.,    Engl'd. .  Tysoe,    2m.    1  2-5s.,    England. 

1500    metre    run Flack,    4m.    33  l-5s.,    Eng. Bennett,    4m.    6s.,    England.. 

110    metre    hurdle Curtis.     17  3-5s.,     Amer. .  .Kraenzlein,    15  2-5s.,    Amer. . . 

200    metre    hurdle Kraenzlein,     25  2-5s.,     Amer. . 

400    metre    hurdle Tewksbury,    57  3-5s.,     Amer.. 

2500   metre    steeplechase Orton,    7m.    34s.,    America... 

4000   metre   steeplechase Rimmer,    12m.    58  2-5s. ,    Eng . 

Running    long    jump Clark,   2oft.,  9  3-4In.,    Am'. Kraenzlein,  23ft.   6  7-8in.,  Am 

Running   high    jump Clark,    5ft.    11  l-4in.,    Am.  Baxter,    6ft.    2  4-5in.,    Amer.. 

Running    triple    jump Connolly,    45ft.,    America.  Prinstein,    47ft.    4  l-4in.,    Am. 

Standing   long   jump Ewry,    10ft.    6  2-5in.,    Amer. . 

Standing  high  jump , Ewry,    5ft.    5in.,    America 

Standing    triple    jump Ewry,    34ft.,    8  l-2in.,    Amer. 

Pole    vault    Hoyt,    10ft.    9  3-4in.,    Am.  Baxter,    10ft.    9  9-10in.,    Am.. 

Shot   put    Garrett,    30ft.    2in.,    Am.. Sheldon,   46^t.   3  l-8in.,    Amer. 

Discus     Carrett,    9."ft.  7  l-2in.,Am.  Bauer,  118ft. .2  9-10in.,  IFg'ry. 

Throwing   161b.    hammer , Flanagan,    167ft.,  4in.,    Am... 

Throwing    561b.    weight 

Marathon    race    Loties,    2h.    55m.    20s.,  Gr.  Teato,    2h.    59m.,    France 

Weight  lifting   (1  hand) .  .Elliott,    1561b,    8oz,    Eng 

Weight  lifting   (2  hands)  .Jensen,    2451b,    12oz,    Den 

Dumbbell    competition 

Tug  of  war 

Team    race     England     

5    mile    run 

Throwing   stone    

Throwing    javelin    , 

Pentathlum     

1500  metre   walk 

Rope    climbing    contest, 

32ft.    9  3-5in 

Throwing  discus  (Gr.  styl.) 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  125 


RECORDS  OF  OLYMPIC  GAMES. 

Events.  St.    Louis,    1904.  Athens,    1906. 

60  metre  run Hahn,   7s. ,   America 

100  metre  run Halm,     11s.,     America Hahn,    11  l-5s.,    America. 

200  metre  run Hahn,    21  3-5s.,    America .. * 

400  metre  run Hillman,    49  l-5s.,     America. .  Pilgrim,  53  l-5s.,  America. 

800  metre   run Lightbody,    1m.    56s.,    Amer. .  Pilgrim,  2m.  1  l-5s.,  Amer. 

1500  metre   run Lightbody,    4m.    52-5s.,    Am.  .Lightbody,  4m.  12s.,     America. 

110  metre  hurdle Schule,    16s.,    America    Leavitt,  16  l-5s.,  America. 

200   metre   hurdle Hillman,    24  3-5s.,    America 

400  metre  hurdle Hillman,    53s.,    America 

2500  metre  steeplechase. .  .Lightbody,   7m.    39  3-5s.,    Am 

4000  metre  steeplechase 

Running  long  jump Prinstein,    24ft.    lin.,    Amer. .  Prinstein,    23ft.    7  l-2in.,    An? 

Running  high  jump Jones,    5ft.    llin.,    America. .  .Leahy,  5ft.  9  7-8in.,  Ireland. 

Running  triple  jump Prinstein,    47ft.,    America. . .  .O'Connor,  46ft.  2in.,  Ireland. 

Standing  long  jump Ewry,    lift.    4  7-8in.,    Amer.  .Ewry,  10ft.  lOin.,  America. 

Standing  high  jump Ewry,    4ft.    llin.,    America. . .  Ewry,  5ft.  1  5-8in.,  America. 

Standing    triple  jump Ewry,    34ft.    7  l-4in.,    Amer.  .O'Connor  46ft.  2  l-8in.,  IrelanJ. 

Pole  vault    Dvorak,   lift.   6in.,   America.  .Gouder,  lift.  6inM  France. 

Shot   put    Rose,    48ft.   7in.,    America ....  Sheridan,  40ft.  4  4-5in.,  America. 

Discus     Sheridan,    128ft.  10  l-2in., Am .  Sheridan,    136ft.   l-3in.,  Am. 

Throwing  161b.   hammer. ..  Flanagan,    168ft.    lin.,    Amer 

Throwing  561b.  weight Desmarteau,     34ft.  4in.,  Can 

Marathon  race    Hicks,   3h.  28m.  53s.,  Amer. .  Shewing,  2h.  51m.  23  3-5s.,  Can. 

Weight  lifting    (1  hand) Steinbach,   168  3-51bs.,   Aust. 

Weight  lifting   (2  hands)  .Kakousis,    2461bs.,    Greece Tofalos,   313  7-101bs.,    Greece. 

Dumbbell    competition Osthoff^    America 

Tug    of   war Milwaukee   A.C.,    America. ..  .Germany. 

Team    race    New   York   A.C.,    America 

5   mile    run Hawtrey,   26m.   26  l-5s. ,   Eng. 

Throwing  stone   Georgantas,   65ft.  4  l-5in.,   Gr. 

Throwing  javelin    , Lemming,  175ft.   6in.,  Sweden. 

Pentathlum     Mellander,  24pts.,   Sweden. 

1500   metre    walk Bonhag,    7m.    12  3-5s.,    Amer. 

Rope   climbing   contest, 

32ft.    93-5in Aliprantis,    11  2-5s.,    Greece. 

Throwing  discus  (Gr.  styl.) , Jaervinen,   115ft.   4in.,   Fin. 


d 
I 

I 


w    O 


». 

•  i>'       i^KP^ 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  12? 


THE  AMERICAN  FINANCE  COMMITTEE 


To  the  chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee  of  the  American 
Committee,  Mr.  Julian  W.  Curtiss  of  Yale  University,  to  Caspar 
Whitney  and  the  members  of  the  Finance  Committee  a  great 
deal  of  credit  is  due  for  the  collection  of  the  fund  necessary  to 
pay  the  expenses  of  the  athletes  who  comprised  the  American 
team,  and  the  total  sum  collected,  $14,864,  shows  how  well  they 
did  their  work.  The  names  of  those  who  subscribed  to  this 
fund  is  worthy  of  being  placed  on  the  roll  of  honor  and  is 
herewith  published  in  full : 

To  Mr.  John  R.  Van  Wormer,  president  of  the  New  York 
Athletic  Club,  and  to  the  generosity  of  the  members  of  the  New 
York  Athletic  Club,  the  Committee  certainly  owes  a  debt  of  grati- 
tude. The  New  York  Athletic  Club  made  the  largest  contribu- 
tion to  the  fund,  mainly  through  the  efforts  and  energy  of  Presi- 
dent Van  Wormer,  ind  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  at  the  dinner 
given  to  the  swimming  contingent  in  the  New  York  Athletic  Club 
house  on  the  final  night  of  the  swimming  championships,  in 
January,  1906,  President  Van  Wormer  told  the  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  that  the  New  York  Athletic  Club  would  give  the 
Olympic  Committee  all  the  money  it  desired  to  send  a  representa- 
tive team  of  athletes  to  Athens.  It  was  not  necessary,  however,  to 
call  on  the  New  York  Athletic  Club  for  additional  money. 

To  New  England,  the  Committee's  thanks  is  certainly  due. 
Joseph  B.  Maccabe,  president  of  the  Amateur  Athletic  Union  of 
the  United  States ;  Edward  E.  Babb,  Thomas  Riley,  Frank 
Facey,  A.  Lill,  and  M.  F.  Winston  (all  officers  of  the  Amateur 
Athletic  Union)  worked  zealously.  The  members  of  the  Bos- 
ton Athletic  Association  and  its  committees,  including  J.  J.  Stor- 
row,  E.  Carter,  George  Billings,  George  Beals  and  George 
Morrison,  did  good  work.  The  New  England  Committee  was 
presided  over  by  Governor  Guild,  of  Massachusetts.  He  directed 
the  work  of  the  Committee,  and  the  amount  of  money  sub- 
scribed ($3,000)  shows  what  energy  was  put  into  this  collection. 

The  Pacific  Northwest  Association  collected  $685.  For  a  young 
association  of  the  Amateur  Athletic  Union  this  is  a  fine  showing. 
To  Mr.  H.  W.  Kerrigan,  member  of  the  Financial  Committee  of 
the  Amateur  Athletic  Union  in  that  district,  great  thanks  is  due. 

To  Mr.  August  Belmont,  J.  P.  Morgan,  S.  R.  Guggenheim  and 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  129 

George  Gould  a  special  vote  of  thanks  should  be  given ;  for  each 
contributed  $500. 

Mr.  F.  J.  V.  Skiff,  Director  of  Exhibits  at  the  World's  Fair 
in  St.  Louis  in  1904,  and  a  member  of  the  Amateur  Athletic 
Union  Board  of  Governors,  collected  among  his  personal  friends 
in  Chicago  and  the  C.  A.  A.  the  sum  of  $1,200. 

Mr.  A.  L.  Shapleigh,  with  the  backing  of  the  Missouri  Athletic 
Club,  St.  Louis,  collected  $400. 

To  the  Intercollegiate  Athletic  Association,  representing  the 
colleges  of  America,  and  the  Amateur  Athletic  Union  of  the 
United  States,  the  Committee  feel  thankful,  each  having  contrib- 
uted $500. 

Mr.  F.  B.  Pratt,  who  has  done  so  much  good  work  for  the 
cause  of  Y.  M.  C.  A.  athletics,  contributed  $250. 

Cleveland  H.  Dodge,  M.  Robert  Garrett  (the  winner  of  the 
discus  at  the  first  Olympian  Games,  in  1896,  at  Athens)  and 
George  D.  Pratt  each  contributed  $100  to  the  fund. 

The  Military  Athletic  League  made  a  very  generous  contri- 
bution, as  did  the  Birmingham  (Alabama)  Athletic  Club  and  the 
N.  O.  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

The  Greater  New  York  Irish  contributed  $250. 

James  Pilkington,  president  of  the  National  Association  of 
Amateur  Oarsmen,  contributed  personally  $50. 

Mr.  Robert  Kammerer,  of  the  New  York  Athletic  Club,  one 
of  the  Huckleberry  Indians,  did  good  work  among  that  tribe. 

However,  it  is  the  ones  who  contributed  from  $i  to  $iop  that 
we  desire  to  specially  thank.  They  showed  great  interest  in  the 
movement. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS  TO  OLYMPIC  GAMES  FUND  RE- 
CEIVED BY  JULIAN  W.  CURTISS,  CHAIRMAN, 
NEW  YORK  CITY. 

New  York  Athletic  Club  $3,500.00 

New   England    3,000.00 

Intercollegiate  Athletic   Association 500.00 

Pacific  Northwest  Association  of  A.  A.  U 685.00 

Amateur  Athletic  Union 500.00 

S.  R.  Guggenheim  500.00 

August  Belmont    500.00 

J.   P.   Morgan    500.00 

George  Gould    500.00 

Greater  New  York  Irish  Athletic  Association 250.00 

A.  L.  Shapleigh,  St.  Louis  403.00 

F.  B.  Pratt 250.00 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  131 

Huckleberry    Indians     ($100    subscribed    through     Mr. 

Robert    Kammerer)     200.00 

C.  H.  Dodge   100.00 

Robert    Garrett    .  . 100.00 

G.  D.  Pratt   100.00 

Charles  Deering  100.00 

W.  J.   Chalmers    100.00 

Watson   F.   Blair    100.00 

B.  L.  Winchell   100.00 

F.  J.  V.  Skiff loo.oo 

James   Deering    100.00 

C.  K.  Wooster   100.00 

G.  B.  Harris   100.00 

E.  R.  Graham  100.00 

F.  S.    Peabody    100.00 

Blank    100.00 

Birmingham  (Ala.)   Athletic  Club 100.00 

Military  Athletic  League  100.00 

New  Orleans  Y.  M.  C.  A 100.00 

J.   S.   Huyler    '. 50.00 

M.  L.  Schiff 50.00 

James  Pilkington    50.00 

Twenty-third  Regiment  N.  G.  N.  Y 50.00 

A.  G.  Mills 25.00 

C.  T.  Kilbourne   , 20.00 

Mohawk  Athletic  Club,  New  York 15.00  . 

St.  George  Athletic  Club,  New  York 15.00 

Brooklyn  Athletic  Club,  New  York 15.00 

B.  C.  Williams   I5-OO 

Far  Hills    (N.  J.)    Athletic  Club 10.00 

Grace  Athletic  Club,  New  York  10.00 

National  Turn  Verein,  Newark,  N.  J 10.00 

Sixty-fifth  Regiment  Athletic  Association,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  10.00 

Alex.  Brown   10.00 

L.    F.   Hanmer    10.00 

George   Orton    „. 5-°° 

C.  C.  Hughes   5-00 

H.  H.  Trueman   i.oo 

$13,364.00 

From   Greek    Committee 1,500.00 

$14,864.00 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LlBRA 


THE  TRIP  OF  THE  AMERICAN  TEAM 


BY  M.  P.  HALPIN,  Manager. 

The  team  selected  by  the  American  Olympic  Committee 
to  represent  the  United  States  at  the  Olympic  Games,  held  at 
Athens,  Greece,  from  April  22  to  May  2,  1906,  was  formally  or-, 
ganized  at  a  meeting  held  at  the  New  York  Athletic  Club  on 
Monday,  April  2,  1906.  All  the  members  of  the  team,  excepting 
C.  M.  Daniels  of  New  York,  and  Marquard  Schwartz  of  St. 
Louis  (swimmers),  who  had  sailed  on  the  steamship  St.  Louis 
on  March  31,  were  present,  namely,  Archie  Hahn,  Milwaukee, 
Wis.  (sprinter)  ;  F.  R.  Moulton,  Kansas  City,  Mo.  (sprinter)  ; 
W.  D.  Eaton,  Boston,  Mass,  (sprinter)  ;  Lawson  Robertson, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  (sprinter)  ;  W.  A.  Schick,  New  York  (sprint- 
er) ;  G.  H.  Queyrouze,  New  Orleans,  La.  (sprinter)  ;  H.  L.  Hill- 
man,  Jr.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  (400  meters)  ;  P.  H.  Pilgrim,  New 
York  (400  and  800  meters)  ;  H.  V.  Valentine,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
(400  and  800  meters)  ;  C  J.  Bacon,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  (400  and 
800  meters)  ;  E.  B.  Parsons,  Troy,  Penn.  (400  and  800  meters)  ; 
J.  D.  Lightbody,  Chicago,  111.  (800  and  1,500  meters)  ;  J.  P. 
Sullivan,  New  York  (800  and  1,500  meters)  ;  Harvey  Cohn, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  (1,500  meters  and  5  miles)  ;  G.  V.  Bonhag,  New 
York  (5  miles  and  walk)  ;  W.  G.  Frank,  New  York  (Marathon)  ; 
Michael  Spring,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  (Marathon)  ;  Joseph  Forshaw, 
St.  Louis,  Mo.  (Marathon)  ;  R.  J.  Fowler,  Cambridgeport,  Mass. 
(Marathon)  ;  R.  G.  Leavitt,  Boston,  Mass,  (hurdler)  ;  Hugo 
Friend,  Chicago,  111.  (broad  jumper  and  hurdler);  Myer  Prin- 
stein,  New  York  (broad  jumper)  ;  Ray  C.  Ewry,  Bayonne,  N.  J. 
(standing  jumps)  ;  H.  W.  Kerrigan,  Portland,  Ore.  (running 
high  jump)  ;  M.  J.  Sheridan,  New  York  (weights,  standing  jumps 
and  Pentathlum)  ;  D.  A.  Sullivan,  Anaconda,  Mont.  (Pentathlum 
and  wrestling)  ;  J.  S.  Mitchel,  New  York  (weights)  ;  R.  W. 
Edgren,  New  York  (weights)  ;  E.  C.  Glover,  Crown  Point,  Ind. 
(pole  vaulter)  ;  J.  W.  Spencer,  New  York  (swimmer)  ;  I.  Niflot, 
New  York  (wrestler),  and  F.  A.  Bornamann,  Chicago,  111.  (fancy 
diving). 

The  meeting  was  addressed  by  Mr.  John  R.  VanWormer, 
President  of  the  New  York  Athletic  Club;  Mr.  Julian  W.  Cur- 
tiss,  Chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee  of  the  Olympic  Com- 
mittee, and  Mr.  F.  W.  Rubien,  vice-president  of  the  Metropoli- 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  185 

tan  Association  of  the  A.  A.  U.  A  telegram  from  the  Hon. 
Joseph  B.  Maccabe,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  President  of  the  Amateur 
Athletic  Union,  was  read.  He  expressed  his  regrets  that  he 
could  not  be  present  and  wished  the  team  every  success  and 
asked  them  to  adopt  the  motto,  "Remember  Old  Glory,"  which 
was  very  enthusiastically  received.  The  team  sailed  at  n  A.  M., 
April  3,  from  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  on  the  steamship  Barbarossa  of 
the  North  German  Lloyd  Steamship  Company,  amidst  the  cheers 
and  good  wishes  of  their  relatives,  friends,  and  all  athletes  who 
could  possibly  be  present,  from  champions  of  the  early  seventies 
down  to  the  schoolboy  athlete  of  the  present  day. 

On  the  second  day  out,  April  4,  about  eleven  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  an  accident  happened  to  some  of  the  members  of  the 
team  which  might  have  proved  very  serious.  Six  of  the  team, 
Mitchel,  Bornamann,  Hillman,  Sheridan,  Cohn,  and  Kerrigan, 
were  standing  up  forward,  watching  the  waves  break  against  the 
bow  of  the  ship,  when  an  extraordinary  wave  for  the  sea  that 
was  running,  at  the  time,  broke  over  the  bow,  throwing  the  men 
in  all  directions;  some  against  heavy  hoisting  machinery,  some 
against  the  deck  and  others  against  the  outside  rail,  nearly  over- 
board. Mitchel  had  his  shoulder  dislocated,  and  Hillman  his 
knee  lacerated ;  Kerrigan  was  hurt  about  the  abdomen,  and  Cohn 
about  the  head  and  legs.  Sheridan  also  hurt  his  knee,  which 
luckily  did  not  show  until  most  of  his  work  was  over,  but  he 
was  unable  to  compete  in  the  athletic  Pentathlum  on  account  of 
same.  The  question  as  to  whether  the  men  would  be  able  to 
compete  in  the  games  gave  us  serious  thought.  Dr.  Ramon  Gui- 
teras,  a  member  of  the  New  York  Athletic  Club,  was  a  passenger 
on  the  ship  and  did  everything  in  his  power  to  get  the  injured 
men  in  condition  to  be  able  to  compete  in  the  games.  At  the 
time  the  accident  happened  I  was  just  about  getting  the  men  out 
to  train,  as  the  sea  was  not  rough  enough  at  that  time  to  pre- 
clude it,  and  which  proves  that  the  men  who  met  with  the  acci- 
dent were  in  no  way  reckless  or  careless  in  being  where  they 
were. 

The  men  trained  on  board  of  ship  every  day  for  the  sea  and 
weather  for  the  whole  voyage  was  extraordinarily  fine.  Their 
training  consisted  of  running,  skipping  rope,  boxing,  putting  the 
shot  and  jumping.  All  the  other  passengers  on  board  took  a 
lively  interest  in  the  work  of  the  men,  which  encouraged  them 
considerably. 

We  arrived  at  Gibraltar,  April  13,  staying  there  for  about  five 
hours,  during  which  the  men  had  a  chance  to  practice  at  the 
race  track  of  the  Jockey  Club  of  English  officers.  The  men 
showed  that  they  were  in  good  condition,  especially  so  con- 


From  left  to  right — Prince  George,  President  of  the  International  Jury; 
James  E.  Sullivan,  American  Commissioner  to  the  Olympic  Games;  Count 
Mercatli;  G.  Robertson,  Oxford,  England's  Representative.  (Special 
photograph  taken  by  Prince  Nicholas  at  the  morning  trials.) 

A  GROUP   OF  OLYMPIC  OFFICIALS. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  137 

sidering  the  ten  days  on  the  sea.  No  more  training  was  done 
aboard  ship  after  leaving  Gibraltar  except  by  the  Marathon  men, 
as  the  men  had  worked  pretty  hard  from  the  time  they  started. 
Captain  Langrenter  and  the  officers  of  the  Barbarossa  showed 
us  every  courtesy,  giving  us  the  exclusive  use  of  the  lower  deck 
for  our  training  and  anything  else  that  we  wished  in  order  to 
have  the  men  in  the  best  possible  condition. 

We  arrived  at  Naples  on  the  i6th  and  stopped  at  the  Hotel 
de  Londres.  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Homer  N.  Byington, 
United  States  Vice-Consul  at  Naples,  who  secured  for  us  the 
use  of  a  shooting  park  for  training,  the  men  had  a  good  work- 
out under  somewhat  difficult  conditions,  there  being  four  inches 
of  lava  on  the  ground. 

We  left  Naples  the  following  morning  (Tuesday)  on  the 
seven  o'clock  train  for  Brindisi,  a  port  in  southeastern  Italy. 
As  it  was  a  ten  hours'  trip  we  took  provisions  with  us  from 
the  hotel.  The  ride,  with  its  ninety-seven  tunnels,  was  long 
and  tiresome,  but  nevertheless  interesting,  as  we  were  in  a  new 
country.  We  had  quite  a  good  view  of  Vesuvius  and  Pompeii 
from  the  train.  We  arrived  at  Brindisi  about  seven  o'clock  in 
the  evening  and  after  having  dinner  embarked  on  the  Italian 
steamer  Montenegro,  intending  to  go  to  Piraeus,  the  seaport  of 
Athens.  Finding  that  the  conditions  on  the  steamer  were  in- 
jurious in  several  ways  to  the  good  condition  of  the  men,  it 
was  decided  to  abandon  it  at  Patras  and  go  the  rest  of  the 
distance  by  rail. 

Next  morning,  Wednesday,  April  i8th,  we  arrived  at  the  Isle 
of  Corfu,  making  a  stay  of  ten  hours,  which  afforded  us  ample 
time  to  see  the  place,  which  is  very  beautiful,  and  also  a  chance 
for  some  good  training  on  the  parade  grounds.  On  our  arrival 
we  were  met  by  the  local  reception  committee,  who  showed  us 
every  courtesy  and  remained  with  us  until  the  steamer  departed 
at  6  P.  M. 

The  following  morning,  Thursday,  April  iQtfi,  we  arrived  at 
Patras,  where  the  men  did  some  training  on  a  public  square, 
through  the  courtesy  of  the  local  reception  committee,  who  paid 
us  every  attention. 

The  steamer  from  Patras  to  Piraeus  had  the  roughest  kind  of 
a  voyage,  so  it  was  fortunate  we  left  the  steamer  at  the  former 
port. 

We  left  Patras  at  11.30  A.  M.,  arriving  at  Athens  about  7 
in  the  evening.  We  were  met  by  the  reception  committee  and  a 
band,  who  escorted  us  in  carriages  to  the  headquarters  of  the 
reception  committee,  which  were  situated  in  the  Archeological 
Society  Building.  After  a  very  cordial  reception  we  were  con- 


AMERICAN  COMMISSIONED  JAMES    E    SULLIVAN  AND  MATTHEW 

P.  HALPIN,  MANAGER  OF  THE  AMERICAN  TEAM. 
(Special  photograph  taken  by  Prince  George  at  one  of  the  morning  trials.) 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  139 

ducted  to  the  Zappeon,  the  Exposition  Building  of  the  city, 
where  the  committee  had  provided  accommodations  for  the  stay 
of  the  visiting  athletes.  This  was  named  the  Athletes'  Residence. 

The  part  of  the  Zappeon  to  which  we  were  assigned  was  a 
large  hall,  arc  shaped,  about  thirty  feet  high,  divided  into  rooms 
about  12  x  12,  with  partitions  seven  feet  high.  These  rooms  were 
on  each  side  of  a  passage  way.  After  three  or  four  days,  finding 
the  place  did  not  suit,  the  entire  team  was  taken  to  the  Hotel 
Hermes,  where  the  team  was  very  well  situated  for  the  rest  of 
our  stay  in  Athens. 

We  arrived  at  Athens  about  six  days  before  the  games  com- 
menced, which  gave  the  men  ample  time  to  finish  their  training. 
Our  arrival  at  Athens  was  none  too  late,  as  on  the  closing  days 
of  the  games  some  of  the  men  were  beginning  to  show  the 
effects  of  the  climate. 

On  our  return  we  left  Piraeus  on  Saturday  evening,  M'ay  5, 
on  the  steamship  Princess  Sophie,  arriving  at  Naples  Tuesday 
morning,  May  8,  where  the  team  was  formally  disbanded. 
Pilgrim,  Kerrigan,  Prinstein,  Spencer,  Ewry,  D.  A.  Sullivan, 
Bornamann,  Fowler,  Moulton,  Schick  and  Forshaw  left  us  to 
go  to  England,  Rome,  Paris,  etc.  Lightbody,  Friend,  Parsons, 
Bonhag,  Valentine,  Bacon,  Daniels  and  Edgren  left  Athens 
previous  to  the  team,  so  as  to  give  them  some  time  to  tour  the 
country.  The  remaining  members  of  the  team,  Mitchel, 
Schwartz,  Sheridan,  Hillman,  Cohn,  Robertson,  Glover,  Hahn, 
Niflot,  Leavitt,  Eaton,  J.  P.  Sullivan,  Spring  and  Frank,  made 
short  trips  to  Rome,  Pompeii  and  Vesuvius,  until  we  sailed  on 
the  White  Star  steamship  Republic  on  May  12,  arriving  in  New 
York  on  May  25. 

THE  RECEPTION  OF  THE  AMERICAN  TEAM  ON 
THEIR  RETURN. 

When  cables  were  received  in  New  York  city  to  the  effect 
that  the  American  team  would  return  on  the  steamship  Re- 
public of  the  White  Star  Line,  accompanied  by  James  E. 
Sullivan,  the  American  Commissioner  to  the  Olympic  Games, 
and  Manager  M.  P.  Halpin,  lively  preparations  were  made  to 
give  them  a  rousing  reception.  Several  friends  of  the  athletes, 
Mr.  Sullivan  and  Mr.  Halpin,  organized  into  a  Reception  Com- 
mittee. 

This  Committee  at  once  decided  to  charter  an  ocean-going  tug 
to  meet  the  "Republic"  and  the  victorious  team  upon  its  arrival 
down  the  bay,  and  the  C.  P.  Raymond,  a  large  and  commodious 
tug  of  Fred  B.  Dalzell  &  Co.'s  fleet,  was  engaged  for  the  occa- 
sion. The  tug  was  decorated  with  flags  and  bunting  and  upon 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  141 

each  side  of  the  boat,  hanging  from  and  extending  the  entire 
length  of  the  guard  rail  on  the  upper  deck  were  long  pieces  of 
canvas  bearing  the  following  words  in  large  letters : 

"WELCOME  HOME,  J.  E.  SULLIVAN  AND  THE  AMERICAN  TEAM." 

Professor  Bain's  band  was  secured  to  furnish  music  for  the 
occasion. 

As  the  Republic  was  originally  scheduled  to  arrive  on  Thurs- 
day, the  24th  of  May,  early  that  morning  the  Raymond  left  her 
pier  with  the  following  friends  in  search  of  the  returning  ath- 
letes, but  neither  word  nor  sight  was  received  of  them  during  the 
entire  day.  Among  those  on  board  were: 

A.  G.  Spalding,  Wm.  T.  Brown,  J.  W.  Curtiss,  Robert  Ferris, 
Bartow  S.  Weeks,  Harry  P.  Burchell,  Charles  C.  Hughes, 
Charles  J.  Dieges,  Thomas  Nevin,  H.  F.  McCafferty,  Aleck  Fer- 
ris, John  Farringtpn,  C  M.  Cooper,  John  T.  Doyle,  F.  G.  Law- 
ranee,  H.  S.  Quinn,  James  Keleher,  Charles  Wolhorn,  R.  J. 
Hellawell,  John  P.  Boyle,  George  Bushfield,  Wm.  Johnson, 
J.  Younger,  T.  L.  O'Connell,  W.  Bennett,  N.  V.  Ketchum, 
F.  Pearsall. 

Receiving  no  tidings  of  the  Republic,  the  Raymond  party  en- 
joyed a  delightful  sail  around  the  harbor  and  along  the  New 
Jersey  coast,  disembarking  in  the  afternoon,  upon  the  invitation 
of  Mr.  Bartow  S  Weeks,  at  his  seashore  residence  at  Sea  Gate, 
where  he  entertained  the  party,  after  which  the  boat  put  back 
to  New  York. 

Late  Thursday  night  word  was  received  that  the  Republic 
would  dock  on  Friday  morning.  As  early  as  seven  o'clock  that 
morning  the  party  gathered  once  more  at  the  Battery,  ready  to 
proceed  down  the  bay  and  welcome  the  champions.  The  Ray- 
mond was  but  a  moment  in  getting  under  way  and  in  a  very 
short  time  was  within  sight  of  the  Republic  lying  at  quarantine. 
Upon  approaching  the  vessel,  the  band  played  the  Star-Spangled 
Banner,  and  other  patriotic  airs,  which  were  smothered  fre- 
quently by  the  thunderous  blasts  from  the  steamer  and  numerous 
boats  in  the  vicinity  and  the  cheers  of  the  welcoming  party. 

Arrangements  had  been  made  whereby  the  Committee  could 
board  the  Republic,  and  being  provided  with  special  permits, 
could  have  taken  off  the  American  Commissioner,  and  possibly 
some  of  the  others, -but  owing  to  quarantine  regulations,  it  was 
impossible  to  board  the  ship  immediately  upon  reaching  her,  so 
a  unique  reception  was  hurriedly  arranged.  Mr.  A.  G.  Spalding 
was  selected  to  make  an  address  of  welcome  to  the  members  of 
the  team  who  were  then  on  deck.  Through  a  megaphone  he  wel- 
comed the  boys  in  the  following  words: 


A   GROUP    OF    OFFICERS,    OLYMPIC    GAMES,    1906. 


M.  M.  Negropontes, 
(Greek  Committeeman). 
J.  Fowler-Dixon, 
(England). 


J.  E.  Sullivan, 
(America). 

Prince  George, 
(Referee  of  Olympic  Games). 


Photo  taken  by  G.  L.  Rpt?ertson,  Oxford.  England, 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  143 

"MR.    SULLIVAN   AND   MEMBERS   OF   THE   VICTORIOUS   AMERICAN 
TEAM  : 

"I  have  been  chosen  by  the  members  of  this  Reception  Com- 
mittee, who  are  your  friends,  to  tender  to  you  and  to  the  gentle- 
men who  compose  the  American  team,  our  heartiest  congratula- 
tions on  your  magnificent  victory  at  Athens,  and  a  warm  welcome 
home.  Our  country  is  proud  of  you  all,  and  the  American  people 
have  nothing  but  praise  for  the  grand  work  you  did  at  Athens. 
When  we  recall  the  work  of  the  American  athletes  in  the  Olym- 
pic Games  held  at  Athens  in  1896,  and  again  at  Paris  in  1900, 
where  we  practically  swept  the  boards ;  and  again  at  St.  Louis 
in  1904,  the  details  of  which  are  still  fresh  in  our  memory;  it 
shows  the  supremacy  of  the  Americans  as. an  athletic  nation.  I 
need  not  dwell  any  longer  on  the  achievements  of  the  athletes  at 
Athens.  I  wish  you  and  all  the  members  of  the  American  team 
a  hearty  welcome  home,  and  now  gentlemen  of  the  Reception 
Committee,  I  call  upon  you  for  three  cheers  for  the  victorious 
American  team." 

After  the  cheers  of  the  Committee  had  died  away,  Mr.  Sullivan 
on  behalf  of  the  athletes  responded  to  Mr.  Spalding's  words  of 
welcome  and  Manager  Halpin  was  likewise  called  on  for  a  few 
remarks  which  he  cheerfully  made.  Then  each  member  of  the 
team  in  turn  was  called  to  the  guard  rail  and  introduced,  and 
as  they  came  forward  one  by  one  they  were  cheered  to  the  echo. 
This  reception,  accompanied  by  the  music,  aroused  considerable 
excitement  :among  the  Republic's  passengers. 

After  quarantine  had  been  lifted,  the  Raymond  made  fast  to 
the  Republic,  and  the  members  of  the  Reception  Committee, 
headed. by  Mr.  A.  G.  Spalding,  boarded  the  ship.  There  was  hand- 
shaking all  around  and  general  congratulations  and  three  rousing 
cheers  by  the  American  team  were  given  for  Mr.  A.  G.  Spalding. 
The  Reception  Committee  remained  aboard  the  steamer  while 
the  balance^>f  the  party  followed  the  vessel  on  the  tug,  with  ban- 
ners flying  and  band  playing,  getting  a  vociferous  greeting  from 
the  river  craft,  until  the  White  Star  pier  was  reached,  where  the 
boys  were  greeted  by  thousands  of  enthusiasts  who  had  been 
waiting  for  hours  on  the  pier  to  receive  the  victors. 

The  officials  of  the  Irish-American  Athletic  Club  of  New  York, 
upon  hearing  of  the  departure  of  the  athletes  from  Athens,  had 
likewise  made  preparations  to  meet  them.  They  chartered  the 
Iron  Steamboat  Cepheus,  and  with  several  hundred  enthusiasts 
aboard  greeted  their  club  members,  who  formed  part  of  the 
American  team.  On  this  occasion  the  principal  ovation  was 
given  to  Martin  J.  Sheridan,  the  idol  of  his  club  mates,  and  he 
certainly  was  entitled  to  all  the  honors  he  received. 


fcPALLUNG'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  146 


THE  STADIUM 


During  the  fifth  century,  or  nearly  a  century  after  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Odeon,  Lycurgus,  the  illustrious  orator,  constructed 
the  Stadium  for  the  celebration  of  the  Gymnastic  Games.  Being 
elected  to  the  most  high  place  in  the  state  and  having  governed 
for  eight  years  the  Republic,  he  augmented  a  public  treasury, 
erected  a  number  of  military  fortifications,  arsenals,  long  walls 
at  Piraeus,  a  harbor  for  vessels  and  embellished  the  town  with 
monuments.  Amongst  these  numerous  monuments  were  included 
a  Panathenaique  Stadium. 

On  the  left  bank  of  the  Ilissus,  which  has  the  name  of  Agra, 
was  a  ravine  or  a  hollow  place  between  two  hills,  one  at  the 
south  and  one  at  the  north,  that  is  to  say,  perpendicular  to  the 
river  bed  or  the  course  of  the  water.  Of  these  two  hills,  one 
was  designated  under  the  name  of  Ardettos,  nicknamed  "Dead- 
head Hill"  by  the  American  athletes,  on  which  the  Heliastas 
came  to  take  oath.  This  place  was  the  best  to  choose  for  the 
erection  of  a  Stadium  to  contain  many  thousand  spectators.  It 
did  not  belong  to  the  city  of  Athens,  but  was  the  property  of 
Dinias,  good  patriot  and  friend  of  Lycurgus,  who  gave  it  to 
the  city  in  consideration  of  his  friendship  for  Lycurgus,  and 
the  construction  of  the  Stadium  was  confined  by  the  people  to 
overseers.  Now  the  part  of  the  work  under  Lycurgus  consisted 
of  closing  the  semi-circular  meridianal  opening,  to  equalize  the 
surface  of  the  arena  and  to  cut  out  symmetrically  the  interior 
ballast  of  these  hills.  As  one  will  readily  conceive,  this  work 
demanded  a  long  time  and  considerable  expense.  A  generous 
citizen  named  Eudamos  of  Platee  offered  to  stand  the  expense 
and  to  this  object  he  gave  1,000  head  of  oxen.  (This  was  329 
B.  C.) 

Not  only  did  Lycurgus  transform  this  ravine  into  a  Stadium 
and  level  the  soil,  but  he  surrounded  the  arena  with  a  Paratheton 
stone,  separating  it  from  the  spot  occupied  by  the  spectators. 
At  the  outside  of  this  paraphet  ran  a  corridor,  somewhat  nar- 
rower than  that  of  to-day,  under  which  was  a  conduit  by  which 
the  waters  of  the  Stadium  were  distributed  and  some  traces  of 
which  still  remain.  The  outside  at  this  time  did  not  have  any 
seats  or  benches  of  marble,  but  the  spectators  sat  on  the  ground 
as  at  Olympia  in  celebrating  the  Olympic  Games.  Oftly  the 
priests  and  the  ambassadors  had  seats  within  the  front  row — 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  147 

seats  of  wood — reserved  for  them.  Now  such  was  the  condition 
of  the  Stadium  in  the  middle  of  the  second  century,  from  329 
R  C.  until  the  second  century  after.  Four  centuries  after, 
Heractis  repaired  the  Stadium,  but  we  do  not  know  in  what 
consisted  these  repairs. 

In  the  second  century  after  Christ  the  Stadium  was  entirely 
renewed  and  embellished  by  Herodis  of  Atticus.  Under  the  reign 
of  Herodus  of  Atticus  he  terminated  the  transformation  and 
direction  of  the  Stadium.  He  achieved  a  work  which  caused 
the  astonishment  of  the  spectators.  No  monument  could  com- 
pare to  the  Stadium.  The  spectacle  was  beyond  all  description. 
The  work  had  exhausted  the  quarries  of  Pentelicon,  where  all 
the  Pentelic  marble  came  from.  One  admires  the  Stadium  as 
without  equal  in  the  universe,  for  though  a  little  inferior  in 
dimensions  to  the  circus  maximus  or  to  the  coliseum  at  Rome, 
it  excelled  these  monuments  by  the  richness  of  its  decorations. 
Its  steps  of  marble  could  seat  easily  50,000  people.  It  was  sur- 
rounded with  bridges  and  temples  and  other  monuments  in  a 
complete,  harmonious  ensemble.  It  was  not  only  by  the  richness 
of  its  decoration  and  the  profusion  of  marble  that  it  differed 
from  that  of  Lycurgus ;  it  was  owing  to  its  change  of  plan.  In 
the  plan  of  Lycurgus  the  benches  were  narrower  at  the  edge  of 
the  sub-base  than  in  the  corridor,  under  which  was  placed  a 
conduit  of  water,  and  not  more  than  two  meters  in  width.  The 
distance  which  separated  the  first  row  of  benches  from  the  edge 
of  the  sub-base  was  not  always  the  same,  on  account  of  the 
optical  law,  so  the  spectators  would  be  able  to  see  the  sub-base 
of  the  lower  row  of  benches  that  separated  it,  it  was  not  parallel 
to  the  axis  of  the  arena  and  that  still  had  an  elliptical  form 
springing  from  the  curve  of  the  line  toward  the  center.  The  j 
radius  of  this  curve  is  2  milometers ;  thus,  the  distance  from 
the  sub-base  to  the  parapet,  consequently  the  width  of  the  cor- 
ridor, which  is  semi-circular,  is  2  meters  82  in  the  narrow  part 
and  5  meters  in  the  middle,  allowing  a  curve  of  I  meter  18, 
so  as  to  give  some  elevation  to  the  sub-base  and  so  to  pro- 
tect the  spectators,  not  obstructing  their  view  of  the  games, 
they  built  the  rows  of  seats  lower  than  at  the  Lycurgis 
theater.  This  sub-base  was  constructed  of  marble  at  the  '/. 
base  and  at  height  in  the  cornice  of  1.66  meters.  Now 
the  theater  that  is  reserved  for  the  spectators  is  divided  into 
two  bridges  named  zones  or  diazomata,  separated  one  from  each 
other  or  one  another  by  an  alley  3  meters  wide.  This  is  also 
called  diazomata,  each  of  these  diazomata  containing  twenty- 
three  rows  of  seats  in  marble  with  stone  foundation.  The  first 
and  last  row  of  the  lower  diazomata  is  composed  of  seats  of 
honor,  or  thrones,  with  backs,  None  of  the  seats  have  backs 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  149 

except  those  seats  of  honor,  and  so  also  was  the  first  row  of 
the  superior  diazomata. 

On  one  of  the  hills  to  the  side  of  the  Stadium  was  the  Temple 
of  Fortune  and  the  splendor  of  the  interior  of  the  temple  was 
due  to  the  munificence  of  Herodis.  On  the  other  hill  the  Athen- 
ians elevated  the  tomb  of  Herodis,  on  which  were  engraved  these 
lines :  "Hero  of  Marathon,  son  of  Atticus,  worthy  of  all  praise ; 
all  this  which  surrounds  it  is  his  work."  A  bridge  and  three 
roads  thrown  over  the  Ilissus  conducted  to  the  Stadium.  Travel- 
ers came  still  during  the  last  century  to  take  photographs.  This 
bridge  was  demolished  in  1774  and  the  stones  were  embellished 
by  the  Turks  in  the  construction  of  a  wall  in  the  town  of 
Athens.  After  this  epoch  all  was  rapid  destruction,  and  part  of 
the  marble  was  taken  up  and  transported  to  other  places.  One 
sees  some  traces  of  it  still  in  the  garden  of  Zappeion. 

A  part  of  the  marbles  of  this  svendome  have  been  discovered 
during  the  excavations  made  in  1869  and  1879  by  M.  E.  Ziller, 
and  many  of  the  old  busts  found  during  the  excavation  are  now 
built  in  the  present  Stadium.  These  discoveries  have  rendered 
possible  the  restoration  of  the  Stadium  of  Herodis,  and  aided  in 
its  reconstruction  after  the  same  plan  owing  to  the  fact  that 
when  they  started  to  build  the  Stadium  in  the  same  spot,  the 
excavators  found  the  foundation  of  the  present  Stadium,  as 
built  by  Herodis  and  planned  by  Herodis.  It  only  goes  to  show 
the  remarkable  genius  of  the  man.  This  was  made  possible  by 
the  generous  gift  of  a  Grecian  citizen  and  it  is  an  imperishable 
monument  to  his  munificence. 

The  Committee  of  the  Olympic  Games  interpreting  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Hellenes,  realized  the  national  wish,  which  was  to 
erect  by  means  of  popular  subscription  a  worthy  monument  of 
this  illustrious  benefactor.  The  statue  of  G.  Averoff  was  exe- 
cuted with  much  art  by  M.  G.  Vrontos  in  Pentelic  marble, 
placed  on  a  simple  pedestal  at  the  right  of  the  entrance  to  the 
Stadium. 

We  publish  the  picture  of  George  Averoff,  to  whom  we  owe 
the  reconstruction  of  the  ancient  Panathenaic  Stadium  in  its 
present  magnificent  appearance.  It  was  rebuilt  entirely  of  marble 
by  him,  he  having  spent  for  this  object  more  than  two  million 
francs. 

George  Averoff  ought  to  be  considered,  therefore,  one  of  the 
principal  authors  of  the  revival  of  the  Olympic  Games. 

During  the  Olympic  Games  H.  R.  H.  The  Crown  Prince, 
President  of  the  Committee  of  the  Olympic  Games,  placed  a 
royal  wreath  on  the  statue  of  George  Averoff,  the  great  bene- 
factor of  the  nation/  as  a^pterttMfeeir  great  esteem  and  rever- 
ence  for  him, 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  151 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  OLYMPIC  GAMES 


The  origin  of  the  games  recedes  into  the  mythical  ages.  The 
Greeks  reverenced  Hercules  as  their  founder — not  the  hero 
usually  known  by  that  name,  but  the  Idaean  Hercules,  who  was 
said  to  have  been  present  at  the  birth  of  Zeus  himself.  The 
later  Hercules,  however,  also  took  part  in  some  farnous~contests 
here,  after  the  defeat  of  King  Augeas  of  Elis.  Enomaos,  king 
of  Pisa,  the  old  capital  of  the  district,  compelled^,  the  suitors  of 
his  daughter  Hippodameia  to  compete  with  him  in  chariot- 
racing,  and  ignominiously  put  to  death  all  whom  he  vanquished, 
until  at  length  Pelops  succeeded  in  beating  him  and  so  won  the 
hand  of  Hippodameia.  Pelops  was-  thus  the  heroic  prototype  of 
the  victors  of  Olympia,  and  as  «uch  was  held  in  high  honor  there. 

The  actual  founding  of  the  games  proper  is  ascribed  to  Iphitos 
of  Elis,  who,  along  with  Lykourgos  of  Sparta,  reorganized  the 
games  at  the  bidding  of  the  oracle  of  Delphi  in  the  ninth  century 
B.  C,  introduced  the  "Ekecheiria"  (lit.  "hand-staying,"  "truce") 
or  "Peace  of  God"  among  all  the  states  of  Greece  during  the  ' 
celebration  of  the  games.  Pausanias  saw  the  decree,  inscribed 
on  a  discus  of  bronze,  preserved  in  the  Heraeon.  By  this  means 
the  Olympian  Games  rose  to  the  dignity  of  a  national  festival, 
which  was  the  visible  expression  of  Hellenic  unity,  in  spite  of 
all  the  interracial  contentions  and  wars  among  the  individual 
states  of  Greece.  The  regular  chronicle  of  Olympian  victors 
begins  in  B.  C.  776,  but  the  use  of  Olympiads  as  chronological 
epochs  did  not  originate  till  much  later. 

The  games  took  place  after  the  first  full  moon  after  the  sum- 
mer solstice.  At  the  beginning  of  the  sacred  month,  the  Eleans, 
who  had  been  left  in  undisturbed  possession  of  the  sanctuary, 
since  about  B.  C.  580,  sent  heralds  to  proclaim  the  universal 
peace  throughout  all  Greece.  The  competitors  and  spectators  of 
the  festival  streamed  in  from  far  and  near,  the  larger  states 
represented  by  embassies  ("Theorise"),  which  were  sometimes  of 
great  magnificence.  The  function  lasted  for  five  days.  The  cen- 
tral point  was  a  series  of  great  sacrifices  to  Zeus  and  other  gods, 
under  the  solemn  management  of  priests,  some  of  whom  dwelt 
continuously  at  Olympia.  The  sacrifices  were  accompanied  by 
athletic  contests  of  the  most  varied  description,  foot-races, 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  158 

hurling  the  discus,  wrestling,  boxing,  chariot-races,  etc.,  carried 
on  under  the  direction  of  the  Hellanodikae  ("Judges  of  the  Hel- 
lenes'V,  who  were  at  the  same  time  the  highest  political  body  in 
El  is. 

The  original  and  most  important  event  in  the  games  was  the 
foot-race  in  the  Stadion,  at  first  one  length  of  the  course, 
but  afterwards  two  or  more.  In  the  i8th  Olympiad  (B.  C.  708) 
the  Pentathlon  or  Fivefold  Contest  was  introduced,  a  com- 
bination of  leaping,  hurling  the  discus,  running,  wrestling,  and 
boxing,  so  arranged  that  only  the  victors  in  the  first  contest 
could  compete  in  the  latter,  and  that  the  final  contest  should  be 
a  boxing  match  between  the  two  best  competitors.  In  the  25th 
Olympiad  (B.  C.  680)  was  held  the  first  Chariot-race  with  four 
horses.  In  the  33d  Olympiad  (B.  C.  648)  the  first  horse  race 
took  place,  and  the  Pankration,  a  combination  of  wrestling  and 
boxing,  was  introduced.  Subsequently  special  competitions  for 
boys  in  most  of  these  sports  were  arranged,  and  in  the  65th 
Olympiad  (B.  C.  520)  the  Hoplitrodromos,  or  "Soldiers'  race  in 
heavy  marching  order,"  was  added. 

The  competitions  were  restricted  to  free-born  Greeks  of  un- 
stained character,  though  "barbarians"  might  be  spectators. 
Women,  withjhe  exception  of  the  Elean  priestess  of  Demeter, 
were  not  permitted  to  view  the  sports.  Before  the  contest  the 
competitors  had  to  appear  in  the  Bouleuterion,  in  presence  of 
Zeus  Horkios,  and  take  an  oath  that  they  had  undergone  the 
prescribed  ten  months'  course  of  training  and  would  obey  the 
Olympian  laws  and  regulations  of  the  games.  /(They  then  entered 
the  Stadion  by  a  special  entrance  with  the  Hellanodikae,  the 
heralds  announcing  the  name  and  country  of  each  athlete  as  he 
appeared.  The  palm  was  handed  to  the  victor  immediately  after 
the  contest.  The  prizes  proper,  simple  branches  from  the  sacred 
olive  tree  planted  by  Hercules  himself,  were  distributed  at  the 
end  of  the  games  to  all  the  victors  at  the  same  time.  The 
Greeks  attached  the  most  extraordinary  value  to  the  Olympic 
olive-branch.  Pindar  has  celebrated  it  in  spirited  song.  Its 
acquisition  was  not  only  a  lifelong  distinction  for  the  winners, 
but  reflected  also  the  highest  honor  on  their  families  and  on 
their  states,  and  their  countrymen  used  to  testify  their  gratitude 
by  triumphal  receptions,  banquets  at  the  public  expense,  and 
often  by  exemption  from  taxes. 

In  Olympia  itself  the  champions  dwelt  at  the  public  expense  in 
the  Prytaneion  and  had  the  right  of  erecting  a  statue  in  the  Altis, 
which,  in  the  case  of  a  triple  victory,  was  allowed  to  bear  the 
features  of  the  victor.  Besides  these  statues,  the  first  of  which 
were  erected  in  -wood  about  the  6oth  Olympiad  (540),  numerous 


CLIMBING  THE  ROPE— 10  METERS, 


ATHIETIC    LIBRARY.  155 

Jjf*  votive  offerings  were  presented  by  states  and  individuals,  so  that 
.'*  in  the  course  of  centuries  there  arose  that  forest  of  statues,  the 
description  of  which,  even  after  it  had  been  several  times  plun- 
dered by  the  Romans,  fills  nearly  an  entire  book  in  Pausanias 
(p.  cxxxi). 

In  addition  to  the  athletes,  men  illustrious  in  the  intellectual 
sphere  also  sometimes  appeared  with  their  performances.  Hero- 
dotus is  said  to  have  read  in  public  at  Olympia  a  portion  of  his 
historical  work,  and  so  to  have  fired  the  youthful  Thucydidesj 
who  was  present,  to  the  composition  of  his  history.  Celebrated 
authors  like  Georgias  and  Lysias,  addressed  the  people  from  the 
opisthodomos  of  the  temple  of  Zeus,  as  did  the  sophist  Hippias 
of  Elis  and  others.  Painters  exhibited  their  works  here.  It  was 
here  also  that  Themistokles  enjoyed  his  greatest  triumph,  when 
at  his  appearance  in  the  Stadion,  probably  in  the  77th  Olympiad 
(472),  the  assembled  Greeks  greeted  the  hero  of  Salamis  with 
shouts  of  applause.  At  a  later  date  Plato  was  also  received  here 
with  honor  by  the  admiring-  multitude. 

The  Olympic  Games  attained  their-  zenith  in  the  period  after 
the  Persian  Wars  and  the  contemporary  struggles  of  the  Sicilian 
Greeks  against  the  Carthaginians.  As  Hellenic  influence  ex- 
tended to  the  East,  the  contingents  from  the  Asiatic  states  and 
from  Egypt,  as  well  as  those  from  Macedonia  and  Thrace,  grew 
larger  and  larger.  In  the  Roman  period  we  find  champions  hail- 
ing from  all  parts  of  the  empire,  and  even  two  emperors,  Tiberius 
and  Nero,  on  victories  here.  Greece  proper,  on  the  other  hand,  be- 
came less  and  less  conspicuous.  Professional  athletes  appeared 
and,  traveling  from  one  to  another  of  the  numerous  athletic 
meetings,  succeeded  in  degrading  the  Olympic  victory  to  a  trade. 
The  regular  celebration  of  the  Olympic  Games  seems  to  have 
died  out  in  the  fourth  century  A.  D.  The  Emperor  Theodosius 
finally  suppressed  them  in  394. 

For  translations  and  extracts  the  publishers  of  "Murray's 
Greece,"  "Baedecker's  Greece,"  and  the  "Official  Olympic  Book 
edited  by  C.  P.  Lambros"  are  respectfully  given  credit. 


THROWING    THE    DISCUS,    GREEK    STYLE. 


;j 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


157 


THROWING  THE  DISCUS 


GREEK  STYLE. 

This  manner  of  throwing  the  discus  confirms  all  that  has 
been  said  by  the  ancient  writers  on  this  subject  and  accords 
with  the  monuments  relative  to  this  sport  still  in  existence. 
Examined  from  a  mechanical  point  of  view  it  is  also  most 
advantageous  in  producing  the  desired  effect  (the  length  of 
the  throw).  The  inclined  platform  assists  the  body  in  keep- 
ing the  center  of  gravity  at  the  moment  where  the  thrower, 
having  carried  the  disc  in  advance,  is  obliged  to  lean  a  little 
forward.  The  muscles  of  the  secondary  members  are  spared  a 
part  of  the  work  in  keeping  the  equilibrium  of  the  body,  and 
resting  free  to  produce  their  work  with  all  the  other  muscles 
during  the  flexion  and  extension  of  the  trunk  which  follows 
this  position. 

The  extension  of  the  whole  body  with  the  two  hands  holding 
the  disk  above,  facilitate  the  deep  breathing  that  the  athlete 
should  take  before  leaning  forward  and  putting  to  work  all  the 
extensor  muscles  of  the  body  and  to  prepare  for  the  brusque 
contraction  of  the  flexors,  while  the  work  of  the  extensors  will 
be  interrupted. 

The  right  leg  placed  in  advance  since  the  beginning  receives 
all  the  shock  and  raises  all  the  body  during  the  torsion  and 
extensor  of  the  trunk,  following  simultaneously  the  throwing 
backward  of  the  right  hand  that  carries  the  disc. 

What  is  more,  having  thus  assured  the  equilibrium  of  the 
body,  it  is  permitted  to  the  left  leg  to  extend  itself  lightly  so 
as  to  be  able  to  increase  the  extension  of  the  lateral  muscles  of 
the  trunk  and  consequently  their  contraction  also  during  the 
straightening  of  the  body  and  at  the  same  time  to  serve  not  only 
as  a  rest,  but  also  to  reinforce  this  blow  of  loins  when  during 
the  blow  there  is  danger  of  being  thrown  backwards. 

The  head  should  turn  toward  the  hand,  that  holding  the  disc 
following  the  moving  of  the  body  so  as  not  to  diminish  the 
muscular  energy  and  also  to  increase  the  torsion  of  the  trunk 
toward  the  right.  It  is  known  that  the  long  muscles  of  the  back 
extending  from  one  end  to  another  of  the  vertebral  column  the 


THROWING    THE    DISCUS.    GREEK    STYLE, 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY. 


159 


unilateral  contraction  of  which  has  for  effect  the  torsion  of  the 
trunk.  To  contribute  also  to  the  intensity  of  this  torsion  co- 
operating movement  of  the  left  hand,  which  balances  itself  just 
in  front  of  the  right  knee  without  leaning  on  it.  This  last 
position  is  conserved  in  the  discobolus  of  Myron  (Figs.  VI.  and 
VII.),  which  has  been  in  some  sort  the  point  of  departure  in 
all  this  which  has  been  written  on  the  throwing  of  the  discus. 
This  statue  only  represents  one  fugitive  movement  which  many 
other  positions  lead  up  to. 


FIG.  I. 


FIG.  II. 


FIG.  III. 


This  position  is  the  best  and  most  advantageous  of  all  those 
that  the  body  is  able  to  take  in  order  to  concentrate  on  a  single 
point  all  his  muscular  energy.  The  rapid  extension  of  the  legs, 
the  twisting  an  extension  from  lower  down  on  the  right  side  to 
high  up  on  the  left  side,  the  extremely  rapid  and  violent 
balancing  of  the  hand  which  carries  the  disc  in  back  and  with 
slight  pronation  also  the  co-operative  balancing  of  the  left  hand, 
all  these  form  a  group  of  forces  which  unite  themselves  into 
one  movement  having  for  its  point  of  application  the  disc,  which 
starts  perpendicular  to  the  surface  of  the  inclined  platform,  but 
the  disc  should  be  thrown  at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees.  The 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  161 

Anglo-Saxon  boxers  of  our  days  have  formulated  an  aphorism 
that  a  good  blow  with  the  fist  was  aided  by  the  muscles  of  the 
loins  and  the  entire  body.  The  principle's  true  and  is  prcwn 
by  the  physiological  science  (Dr.  Lagrange's  Physiology  of  Body 
Exercise,  page  21).  It  can  be  applied  to  the  throwing  of  the 
disc  where  one  seeks  to  gain  a  similar  object  by  extreme  mus- 
cular energy.  It  is  also  just  to  say  that  this  manner  of  throw- 
ing presents  an  economy  of  considerable  work.  On  one  hand 
the  total  quantity  of  work  is  increased ;  that  is,  the  intensity  of 
muscular  contraction  is  increased,  but  on  the  other  hand  the 
duration  and  number  of  movements  are  diminished.  The  throw- 
ing of  the  disc  from  any  point  of  view  is  aesthetic.  That  the 


FIG.  IV. 


FIG.  V. 


FIG.  VI. 


throwing  of  the  disc  is  beautiful  and  remarkable,  especially  when 
the  thrower  has  succeeded  by  a  rational  throwing  to  render  his 
body  an  instrument  subject  to  his  will.  The  effort  which  thrusts 
forward  the  hand  with  the  disc,  begins  in  the  leg  which  is  ex- 
tended and  then  involves  the  thigh,  which  projects  the  trunk  in 
the  direction  in  which  the  discus  is  to  be  thrown ;  the  muscles  of 
the  loins  transmit  the  movement  to  the  thorax,  and  those  of  the 
thorax  pass  it  on  to  the  shoulder,  which  in  its  turn  thrusts  for- 
ward the  forearm  and  the  hand  holding  the  disc,  thus  trans- 
mitting to  the  hand  the  force  to  which  the  entire  body  has 
contributed. 

^•oFT^r 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


H 


•     PH 
W     S 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY. 


163 


it   is  exactly  for  this  reason  that  the  sport  has  been  classified 
by  the  ancients  among  the  violent  sports. 

1.  The   thrower   steps   up   on   the   platform   and   holding   in   a 
natural    manner   the    disc,    no    matter    which    hand.      Stace    says 
that  before   stepping,   he  beats  it   on  the   edge   into  the  dust  on 
the  ground   so   as   to   have   a   firmer   hold,   reseeking   attentively 
the   part   of  the   disc   where   he  must   place   his    fingers   and  the 
part  nec§£sary  to  place  against  his   forearm.     The  throwers   do 
not  wish  to  have  two  faces  too  well  polished,  but  would  rather 
have  a  hold  for  the  palm  and  fingers. 

2.  Then  the  athlete   seizes  the   disc  with  the   right   hand,  the 
fingers  spread  out  and  holding  lightly  the  rim;   he   assured  the 


FIG.  VII. 


FIG.  VIII. 


hold  by  means  of  the  left  hand,  which  supported  the  disc  at  the 
other  side,  while  elevating  the  two  hands  slightly  in  advance. 

3.  At  this  moment  the  knees  were  separated,  the  right  ex- 
tended ir  advance  and  the  left  slightly  flexed  in  the  rear — after 
which  he  straightens  the  trunk  a  little,  and  raises  the  hands 
which,  half  extended,  yet  hold  the  disc.  (Figs.  II.  and  III.) 

He  carries  the  weight  of  the  body  more  in  advance ;  turning 
on  the  right  leg  he  turns  the  trunk  brusquely  to  the  right.  The 
left  hand  abandons  the  disc  to  the  right  and  the  left  leg  touches 
the  ground  by  the  toes  only  (Figs.  IV.  and  V.),  turning  the 
head  in  the  direction  of  the  right  hand,  still  holding  the  disc. 
Stooping  over  on  the  right  leg  with  a  sufficient  flexion  and 


SPALDIXG'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  165 

turning  so  as  to  be  able  to  see  trunk  right  sides  with  the  right 
hand  entirely  extended  still  carrying  the  disc  with  a  full  sweep 
of  the  body,  he  throws  it  in  arrear  with  a  sweep  of  the  shoulder 
as  full  as  the  anatomical  construction  and  flexion  of  the  body 
will  allow. 

The  left'  hand,  on  the  contrary,  becoming  free,  follows  the 
movement  of  the  trunk,  lets  itself  hang  with  inertion  just  before 
the  right  knee,  ready  to  throw  itself  violently  to  the  left  during 
the  movement  which  goes  to  follow  and  thus  to  balance  the 
spring  that  all  the  body  takes  in  advance.  (Figs.  VI.  and  VII.)  - 

In  this  position,  by  a  brusque  and  simultaneously  torsion,  and 
extension  of  the  trunk  to  the  left  and  raising  on  his  limbs  at 
the  same  time,  he  thrusts  the  right  hand  violently  forward  and 
throws  the  disc  with  all  his  force,  and  straightening  himself,  he 
follows  the  throw  with  a  slight  jump  forward.  (Fig.  VIII.) 


SPALDINCTS    ATHLKTIC     L1BRAR\.  167 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  OLYMPIC 
GAMES  OF   1906 


A  great  deal  of  the  credit  for  the  marvelous  success  of  the 
Olympic  Games  of  1906 — such  a  success  that  all  previous  Olympic 
Games  suffer  by  comparison — was  due  to  the  untiring  efforts  of 
H.  R.  H.  the  Crown  Prince  and  the  Greek  Committee,  and  the 
consistency  of  the  marvelous  organization  which  they  had  built 
up.  To  be  sure,  at  home,  in  Athens,  all  worked  hard  and  well 
toward  the  success  of  the  Games  of  1906;  it  meant  a  great  deal 
to  them;  but  the  Greek  Committee  alone  would  have  been 
powerless  had  not  the  Crown  Prince,  through  Secretary  Lam- 
bros,  organized  committees  in  every  country  in  the  world. 
These  committees  selected  men  with  rare  good  judgment,  and 
men  were  appointed  who  stood  for  everything  that  was  good 
athletically.  As  a  result,  it  is  doubtful  if  ever  before  in  the 
history  of  the  world  there  has  been  a  set  of  games  which  were 
organized  under  such  competent  auspices,  and  to  publish  a  book 
on  the  Olympic  Games  without  a  complete  list  of  the  names  of 
the  men  who  were  responsible  for  this  magnificent  success  would 
be  wrong,  and  therefore  it  is  with  great  pleasure  that  we  append 
herewith  a  complete  list  of  committeemen  who  were  highly  hon- 
ored by  appointment  from  H.  R.  H.  the  Crown  Prince. 


FOREIGN  COMMITTEES. 
(Reprinted  from  the  Official   Programme.) 
AMERICA. 

Honorary  President — Hon.  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Washington. 

President — Caspar  Whitney,  New  York. 

Secretary — James  E.  Sullivan,  21  Warren  Street,  New  York 
City. 

Honorary  Vice-Presidents — George  J.  Gould,  New  York;  Jos. 
B.  Maccabe,  East  Boston,  Mass. ;  Frederick  J.  V.  Skiff, 
Chicago;  John  R.  Van  Wormer,  New  York;  S.  R.  Guggen- 
heim, New  York,  « 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  169 

Executive  Committee— Caspar  Whitney,  Chairman,  New  York; 
Jos.  B.  Maccabe,  East  Boston,  Mass. ;  Dr.  Luther  Halsey 
Gulick,  Brooklyn ;  Gustavus  T.  Kirby,  New  York ;  Julian 
W.  Curtiss,  New  York;  Thornton  Gerrish,  New  York; 
James  E.  Sullivan,  New  York. 

Finance  Committee— J.  W.  Curtiss,  Chairman;  Joseph  B.  Mac- 
cabe, John  R.  Van  Wormer,  A.  L.  Shapleigh,  Frederick  R. 
Pratt,  Wm.  Greer  Harrison,  Evert  Jansen  Wendell ;  Gus- 
tavus T.  Kirby,  Caspar  Whitney,  James  E.  Sullivan,  Fred- 
erick J.  V.  Skiff. 

Selection  of  Te^m  Committee — James  E.  Sullivan,  Chairman; 
Caspar  Whitney,  James  H.  Sterrett,  Edward  E.  Babb, 
Thomas  F.  Riley,  John  J.  O'Connor,  Herbert  Hauser,  Gus- 
tavus T.  Kirby,  Evert  Jansen  Wendell,  Julian  W.  Curtiss, 
A.  A.  Stagg,  D.  R.  James,  Jr.,  E.  C.  Brown,  B.  P.  Sullivan, 
Theo.  E.  Straus,  Chas.  H.  Sherrill,  P.  Gorman,  F.  W. 
Rubien,  James  Pilkington,  H.  W.  Kerrigan,  Dr.  L.  H. 
Gulick,  Charles  Baird. 

American  Committee — Joseph  B.  Maccabe,  East  Boston,  Mass. ; 
H.  L.  Geyelin,  Philadelphia,  James  H.  Sterrett,  Philadel- 
phia; Edward  E.  Babb,  Boston;  John  J.  O'Connor,  St. 
Louis;  Herbert  Hauser,  San  Francisco;  A.  G.  Mills,  New 
York;  Capt.  John  J.  Dixon,  Brooklyn;  F.  W.  Gerould, 
Chicago;  A.  L.  Shapleigh,  St.  Louis;  Frederick  R.  Pratt, 
Brooklyn  ;  Paul  Dashiell,  Annapolis,  Md. ;  Bartow  S.  Weeks, 
New  York;  Gustavus  T.  Kirby,  New  York;  Julian  W. 
Curtiss,  New  York;  Dr.  Luther  Halsey  Gulick,  New 
York;  George  W.  Beals,  Boston;  W.  H.  Liginger,  Mil- 
waukee, Wis. ;  A.  A.  Stagg,  Chicago ;  George  W.  Morri- 
son, Boston ;  W.  D.  Nesbit,  Birmingham,  Ala. ;  D.  R. 
James,  Jr.,  New  York;  Everett  C.  Brown,  Chicago; 
Charles  Baird,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.;  Thos.  F.  Riley,  No. 
Cambridge,  Mass. ;  B.  P.  Sullivan,  New  Orleans ;  Theo- 
dore E.  Straus,  Baltimore ;  P.  Gorman,  Montreal,  P.  Q. ; 
W.  Scott  O'Connor,  New  York ;  Charles  H.  Sherrill,  New 
York;  Dwight  C.  Davis,  St.  Louis;  F.  W.  Rubien,  New 
York ;  Thornton  Gerrish,  New  York ;  John  T.  Dooling, 
New  York ;  F.  R.  Moulton,  Kansas  City,  Mo. ;  Evert  J. 
Wendell,  New  York;  Oliver  Shiras,  New  York;  James 
Pilkington,  New  York ;  Wm.  Greer  Harrison,  San  Fran- 
.  cisco ;  H.  W.  Kerrigan,  Portland,  Ore. ;  Addison  Thomas, 
Chicago ;  D.  N.  Botassi,  Consulate-General  of  Greece  in 
New  York  City;  N.  Salopoulos,  Consulate-General  of 
Greece  in  Chicago,  Chicago,  111. 


? 


9 

o 


crS    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  171 

ENGLAND. 

President  Hon. — His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  K.  T. 

Vice-Presidents  lion. — His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
K.  G. ;  His  Grace  the  Duke  of  Westminster;  Rt.  Hon. 
Lord  Lansdowne  K.  G. ;  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Gersey; 
Rt.  Hon,  A.  J.  Balfour. 

Vice-Presidents— G.  V.  A.  Schofield,  A.A.A. ;  H.  Venn,  Esq., 
L.C.A. 

Secretaire  Hon. — M.  C.  Marinaky,  Esq. 

Membres— MM.  S.  A.  Abrahams,  Esq.,  Emmanuel  College, 
Cambridge ;  Dr.  Roscoe  Badger,  W.  M.  Barnard,  Esq. 
(L.  C.  A.);  A.  R.  Churchill,  Esq.;  K.  Cornwallis,  Esq., 
University  College,  Cambridge ;  D.  Scott  Duncan,  Esq., 
Edinburgh ;  J.  E.  Fowler-Dixon,  Esq. ;  C.  B.  Fry,  Esq. ; 
Rev.  J.  H.  Gray,  Queen's  College,  Cambridge;  C.  B.  Gull, 
Esq.,  Oxford;  C.  Herbert,  Esq.;  Le  Rev.  Courcy  Lafan; 
C.  N.  Jackson,  Esq. ;  C.  L.  Lockton,  Esq. ;  G.  Robertson, 
Esq. ;  Montague  Shearman,  Esq.,  K.C. ;  Harold  Wade, 
Esq.;  A.  R.  Welsh,  Esq.,  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

AUSTRIA. 

Vienna    Sub-Committee — 

Protecteur — Son   Altesse   Imperiale  Mgr   1'archiduc   Rainer. 
President — S.  E.  le  comte  Hans  Wilczek. 

Membres — S.  A.  le  prince  Alex,  zu  Solms-Brannfels ;  S.  E. 
le  comte  Carl  Sohonborn-Buchheim ;  S.  E.  le  comte  Carl 
Lanckeronski ;  Mr.  le  consul-general  Alexandre  Singer ; 
Mr.  Emmanuel  Bachmayr,  Mr.  Tlumistocle  Petrocochino, 
Mr.  le  chevalier  Georges  von  Metaxa,  Mr.  Nicolas 
Doumba,  Mr.  le  chevalier  Nicolas  Scanavi,  Mr.  le  chevalier 
Hans  Galatti,  S.  A.  le  prince  Emmanuel  Ypsilanti,  S.  A. 
le  prince  Theodore  Ypsilanti,  Mr.  le  conseiller  imperial 
Basile  Gianelia,  Mr.  le  baron  Louis  Czekelius  von  Rosen- 
feld,  Mr.  von  Wertheim,  Mr.  le  professeur  Adolf  Wilhelm, 
Mr.  Theobald  Harmsen. 
Prague  Sub- Committee — 

Representation    pour    Boheme :    Le    Comite    tsheque    des    jeux 
Olympiques  a   Prague. 

President — Mr.  le  docteur  Jiri  Guth.  ; 

Sub-Committee  Trieste —  » 

Membres — MM.  le  baron   Stephan  von  Ralli,  Le  baron  Kimon  ; 
von    Ralli,    Le    baron    Leon    von    Economo,    Le    chevalier 
Michael     von     Galatti,      Nicolas     Sevastopoulo,     Etienne 
Stavro. 


SPALI)IX(}'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  173 

CUBA  (Havana). 

President — Mr.    Hector  de   Saavedra. 

Secretaire — Mr.    Porfirio   Franca. 

Membres — MM.  Ygnacio  Plasencia,  Ramon  Font,  Miguel 
Morales,  Ramon  Hernandez,  Carlos  Macia,  Dr.  Francisco 
,Dominguez  Roldan,  Charles  Morales,  Miguel  Angel  Men- 
doza,  Gonzalo  Freyre  de  Andrada,  Federico  Gibert,  Vidal 
Grana,  Felix  Carvajal. 

Presidence — Calle  Habana  No.  49.  La  Havane,  Cuba. 

DENMARK. 

Protecteur — H.  R. '  H.  Prince  Christian. 

President  d'honneur — S.  E.  Le  Ministre  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Le 
comte  Feodal.  Raben-Levetzau. 

President — Hr.  Fritz  Hansen,  Capitaine  de  1'Artillerie. 

Tresorier — Mr.   F.   Lorck,   Conseiller. 

Secretaire — M.  Ivar  Nyholm,  Intendant  militaire. 

Membres — MM.  R.  Bondo,  Capitaine  1'infanterie,  Chef  de 
Fecole  militaire  de  gymnastique  a  Copenhague ;  G.  F.  Bock, 
Conseiller;  Le  Commandeur  C.  Michelsen;  H.  C.  V. 
Moller,  Ingenieur  en  chef  des  travaux  maritimes ;  C.  V.  B. 
Thalbitzer,  Consul  general  de  Grece ;  N.  Andersen,  Con- 
seiller ;  C.  J.  Christensen,  Conseiller ;  Benny  Dessau,  Di- 
recteur ;  Martin  Dessau,  Conseiller ;  Joh.  Goldschmidt ;  A. 
Clod  Hansen,  Medecin  de  quarantine;  J.  E.  V.  Hansen, 
Amiral ;  Chr.  Hecksher,  Consul  general ;  F.  L.  Hey,  Con- 
sul;  Jens  Jorgensen  ;  Joh.  Kier.  Chirurgien  major;  K.  A. 
Knudsen,  Inspecteur  de  gymnastique ;  C.  F.  Lohmann, 
N.  C.  Monberg,  Henrik  Norgaard,  Emil  Vett. 

EGYPT. 

President — Mr.    Em.    Renakis. 

Secretaire — Mr.  D.  Theodorakis. 

Membres — MM.  M.  Synadynos,  G.  Zervoudakis,  M.  Salvages, 
N.  Tsigadas,  D.  Gouzpuassis,  J.  Athanasakis,  J.  Tsamis, 
D.  Fabrikios,  Louis  Nicolaides,  P.  Lo'isidis,  L.  Cottas,  K. 
Benakis,  N.  Pallis,  A.  Sepsis,  J.  Vitiades,  Arist.  Polymeris, 
Nic.  Tsamis. 

SPAIN. 

President — Mr.  Le*  Marquis  de  Cabrinana. 

Secretaire — Mr.  Luis  Morote   (journaliste). 

Membres — MM.  Le  Comte  de  Asmir,  Le  Marquis  de  Villa- 
viciosa  de  Asturias,  Le  commandant  Antonio  Barreto, 
Carlos  Padros,  Roman  Macaya.  Eduardo  Careaga,  Manuel 
Alexiades,  Felipe  Boulafentis,  Felipe  Pastora. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  175 

NORWAY. 

President — Mr.    le   lieutenant   colonel    Thomas    Heftge,    ancien 

Ministre  de  la  Defence  Rationale. 
Secretaire — Mr.  le  capitalize  Johan  Tidemann  Sverre. 
Membres — Mr.    le    captaine    F.     G.     Seeberg,     Professeur    de 

gymnastique   et   d'Escrime  a  FEcole   Militaire. 

RUSSIA. 

President — Son  Altesse  Imperiale  le  Grand  Due  Nicolajevitz. 

Secretaire — Mr.  le  general  Kroupentzki. 

Membres — MM.  le  conseiller  d'Etat  Waltzoff,  G.  Eumorfo- 
poulo. 

ROUMANIA. 

Secretaire — Mr.  Jean  Arion. 

Membres — MM.  Emmanuel  Boutcoulescu,  Alexandre  Bellio, 
Dr.  Dinu  Bratianu,  Constantin  Golescu,  Budi  Catargiu, 
Jean  Cesianu,  A.  S.  H.  Panteli,  Georges  S.  H.  Panteli. 

SWEDEN. 

President  d'honneur — S.  A.  R.  Le  Prince  Heritier. 

President — Mr.  Le  colonel  Viktor  G.  Balck. 

Secretaire — M.   Le  major   S.   Hermelin. 

Membres — MM.  Le  directeur  B.  F.  Burman,  Le  capitaine  Sten 
Drakenberg,  Le  capitaine  Erik  Frestadius,  Le  docteur 
Astley  Levin,  Le  directeur  J.  Sigfrid  Edstrom,  Le  re- 
dacteur  E.  Bergvall,  Le  capitaine  Goster  Drake,  Le  capi- 
taine B.  Festin,  Le  capitaine  Einar  Nerman,  MM.  Le 
capitaine  E.  Fick,  Fred  Lowenadler,  John  Hakanson,  Le 
lieutenant  Carl  Hjorth. 

SWITZERLAND. 

President — Mr.  Alois  Naville,  President  de  TAutomobile  Club 
de  Suisse. 

Secretaire — Mr.  Marcel  Guinand,  President  de  1'Union  Ath- 
letique  Suisse. 

Membres — MM.  Dr.  Kebedjy,  Professeur  de  droit  interna- 
tional a  TUniversite  de  Berne,  Louis  Buscarlet,  President 
de  la  Societe  d'Escrime  de  Geneve;  Eugene  le  Royer  Pre- 
sident de  la  Societe  Nautique  de  Geneve ;  Aime  Schwob, 
Directeur  de  la  Presse  Sportive ;  Gustave  de  Stoutz,  Con- 
sul General  de  Grece,  Chef  consul  du  Touring  Club  italien 
en  Suisse;  Jean  Diodati,  Chancelier  du  Consulat  general 
de  Grece,  membre  du  Conseil  d'Administration  du  Tour- 
ing Club  Suisse ;  Dr.  Francis  de  Crue,  Professeur  a 
TUniversite  de  Geneve ;  Godefroy  de  Blonay. 


SPALDIXCTS    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY.  177 

TURKEY. 
Constantinople  Sub- Committee — 

President — S.  E.  Mr.  J.  Gryparis,  Ministre  de  Grece. 

Vice- Presidents — MM.  Jean  Eliaskos,  Chr.  Hatzichristos. 

Secretarie — Mr.   Ath.    Piniatoros. 

Membres — MM.  J.  Hatzopoulos,  S.  Cazanovas,  D.  Vlastaris, 
C.  Sttcoulis,  D.  Nicolaides,  G.  Vellis,  S.  Carajiannides, 
C.  Spanoudis,  L.  F.  Mizzi,  Regis  Delbeuf,  E.  Pesmat- 
zoglou,  Calvocoressis,  Rosber,  E.  Saridakis,  J.  Carotseris, 
G.  L.  Zarifi,  L.  L.  Zarifi,  E.  E.  Evgenides,  Th.  Courtzi, 
A.  Jiannoulatos,  Th.  Paraschos. 
Smyrna  Sub-Committee — 

President — Mr.  Phocion  Voutsinas. 

Secretaire — Mr.  Jean  Boskovitz. 

Membres — MM.  Dem.  Savelis,  Ap.  Psaltoff,  An.  Arealis,  Alex. 
Photiades,    Ange    Alevras,    Richard   Whittall,    Alfred    van 
Lennep,  Elie  Guiffray. 
Salonica   Sub-Committee — 

MM.    E.    Bountonas,    Cleon   Hatzilazaros,    N.    Papazoglou,    N. 

Pindos. 
Trrbizonde   Sub-Committee — 

MM.  P.  Acritas,  E.  Constantinides,  B.  Joannides,  M.  Papajian- 
nides,  C.  Theophilactos. 


GERMANY. 

Representant     du      Comite — Deutscher      Rekhsausschuss      fur 

Olympische   Spiele. 
Protecteur — S.  A.  I.  le  prince  heritier  de  1'Empire  Allemand  et 

de   Prusse. 
Presidents    d'honneur — S.    A.    le    prince    Philippe    Ernest    zu 

Hohenhohe-Schillingsfiirst,    Podebrad,    Boheme ;    S.    A.    le 

prince   Eduard   zu    Salm-Horstmar,    Berlin ;    W.   Wilhelm- 

strasse  63 ;  S.  A.  le  due  de  Ratibor,  Schloss  Rauden,  Bez. 

Oppeln ;    S.    A.   le   prince   Kraft   zu   Hohenlohe-Oehringen, 

Schloss  Slaventztz,  Bez.   Oppeln. 
President — S.    E.    Mr.    le    Comte    Egbert    von    der    Asseburg, 

Berlin,  N.  W.  Herwarthstr.  4  II.  2306. 
Caissier — Mr.   le  Baron  Julius  von  Hiinefeld.   Sudende-Berlin. 

Hermannstr.  8/9. 
Directeur  du  Bureau  et  Premier  Secretaire — Mr.  le  Dr.  Willi- 

bald   Gebhardt.   Friedenau,   Kranacherstr.  25. 
Deuxieme  Secretaire — Mr.  le  Dr.   Hugo  Hardy,  Berlin.   Som- 

merstr.  6.  I.  4358. 


J.    E.    FOWLER-DIXON. 

The  veteran  English  holder  of  many  of  the  "  world's  best-on-records  "  for  walk- 
ing and  running;  born  September  3,  1850.  During  the  recent  Olympic  Games 
in  the  Stadium  at  Athens  he  walked  1500  meters  in  8  minutes  45  seconds;  he 
ran  15"0  meters  in  5  minutes  46  seconds  (at  intervals  of  20  minutes)  in  the 
presence  of  the  King  and  other  members  of  the  royal  family.  This  event  t(  ok 
place  on  Saturday,  May  5,  1906. 


SPALI)IN<;\S     ATHLETIC    LIBRARY. 

Membres — MM.  J.  Becker,  Max  Blume,  Dey.  G.  Demmler, 
C.  Diem,  Kurt  Dorry,  H.  Hasperg,  Le  Comte  d'Hausson- 
ville,  G.  Hax,  Fr.  A.  Hemme,  Fritz  Hofmann,  Alex. 
Hgenig,  Hermann  Jiirst,  Dr.  Otto  Krork,  Le  Baron  von 
Kiihlmann,  Le  Baron  von  Maltzahn,  Dr.  P.  Martin,  P.  J. 
Miiller,  C.  Orbanowski,  Albert  Preuss,  Prof.  H.  Haydt, 
Franz  von  Rekowski-Gynz,  Dr.  Alfred  Schiff,  Alfons 
Schpene,  Le  Comte  Adalbert  von  Sierstorpf,  Dr.  Aug. 
Smith,  Dr.  Fr.  Traun,  G.  v.  Tschudi,  Le  Comte  de  War- 
tensleben. 


BELGIUM. 

Protecteur — S.  A.   Royale  Mgr.  le   Prince  Albert  de  Belgique. 

President  d'honneur — Mr.  Ernest  Solvay. 

Presidents — MM.  Le  Baron  de  Laveleye,  President  de  1'Union 
beige  des  societes  de  sports  athletiques ;  Van  Overbergh, 
Directeur  general  de  1'Enseignement  Superieur  des 
Sciences  et  des  lettres,  Ministere  de  I'lnstruction  Publique. 

Vice-President — Mr.  Van  den  Abeele,  President  du  cercle 
d'escrime  de  la  societe  "La  Concorde." 

Secretaire  General — Mr.  Lefebure,  Captaine  Commandant  ad- 
joint d'etat-major,  commandant  1'Ecole  normale  de  gym- 
nastique  et  d'escrime. 

Tresorier — Mr.  Walckiers,  Secretaire  de  la  Ligue  beige  de 
Lawn-Tennis. 

Membres — MM.  Anspach,  Secretaire  du  Cercle  d'escrime  de ' 
Bruxelles ;  B.  Beauram,  Vice-President  de  la  Federation 
beige  des  Societes  de  natation ;  Emil  de  Beukelaer,  Di- 
recteur sportif  de  la  Ligue  Velocipedique  beige ;  Albert 
Feyerick,  President  de  la  Federation  des  cercles  d'escrime 
de  Belgique ;  Jules  le  Grand,  Vice-Consul  de  Grece  a 
Gand ;  Gregoire,  President  de  la  Federation  beige  des 
societes  de  Natation  et  des  societes  d'Aviron ;  Henrion, 
Capitaine  d'artillerie,  professeur  a  1'Ecole  normale  de 
gymnastique  et  d'escrime ;  Max  Kahn,  President  du  Comite 
International  des  sports  athletiques ;  Eugene  Mignot,  Pre- 
sident hor.oraire  de  la  Federation  beige  des  societes  de 
gymnastique ;  O.  Remy,  President  de  la  Ligue  Velocipe- 
dique beige ;  Le  Comte  de  Ribaucourt,  sous-lieutenant, 
President  de  la  section  des  armes  de  guerre  de  1'Union 
des  societes  de  tir  de  Belgique ;  De  Sahuguet,  Secretaire 
de  la  Federation  beige  des  societes  d'aviron ;  Armand 
Solvay,  President  de  la  Federation  beige  de  Lawn-tennis ; 
Troffaes,  President  ,de  rU.nion  des  societes  de  Tir  de 


G.   S.   ROBERTSON, 

(Oxford) 
Great  Britain's  Olympic  Representative  to  the  Games. 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY. 


Belgique ;   Louis  Convert,  Tresorier  clu  Comite  Central  de 
1'Union  beige  des  societes  de  sports  %athletiques. 


FRANCE. 

President  d'honnetir — S.  E.  M.  Jean  Dupuy,  Senateur,  ancien 
Ministre,  9,  rue  Scribe,  IX? 

President — M.  le  Baron  de  Coubertin,  President  du  Comite 
International  des  Jeux  Olympiques,  10  Bd.  Flandrin, 
XVI; 

Vice-Presidents — MM.  Homolle,  Directeur  des  Musees  Nation- 
aux,  Pavilion  Mollien,  Palais  du  Louvre;  Baillif,  Pre- 
sident du  Turing  Club  de  France,  9  rue  du  Midi,  Neuilly- 
Seine. 

Secretaire  general — M.  Pierre  Roy,  Vice-President  de  1'Union 
des  Societes  Franchises  de  Sports  Athletiques,  51  Avenue 
Victor  Hugo,  XVI? 

Secretaire — M.  le  Dr.  Michaelides,  I  rue  Bara. 

Membres — MM.  Frangois  Arago,  Depute,  27  Avenue  Mon- 
taigne, VIII? ;  Le  Baron  Jean  de  Bellet,  President  de  la 
Commission  de  Lawn-Tennis  de  1'Union  des  Societes 
Franchises  de  Sports  Athletiques,  44  Avenue  du  Bois  de 
Boulogne,  Paris  VIII?;  Bruneau  de  Laborie,  Journal  le 
"Figaro,"  26  rue  Drouot,  IX? ;  Cazalet,  President  de  1'Union 
des  Societes  de  Gymnastique  de  France,  Bordeaux ;  Clado 
Marino,  i  rue  de  Monbel,  XVII?;  Duvignau  de  Launeau, 
President  de  1'Union  des  Societes  Franchises  de  Sports 
Athletiques,  71  Bd.  Pereire,  Paris  XVII?;  Escudier  Paul, 
Ancien  President  du  Conseil  Municipal  de  Paris,  20  rue 
Moncey,  IX? ;  Ferrant  Paul,  Vice-President  de  1'Union  des 
Societes  Franchises  de  Sports  Athletiques,  18  Quai  de 
Bethune,  Paris  IV? ;  Fringnet,  Inspecteur  de  I'Academie  de 
Paris,  62  rue  Claude  Bernard,  Paris ;  Glaudaz,  Vice-Presi- 
dent du  Yacht-Club  de  France,  39  Boul.  des  Capucines, 
Paris ;  Dr.  J.  Liouville,  President  du  "Pelican  Athletique 
Club,"  rue  de  1'Universite,  VII? ;  Loutil,  membre  du 
Comite  de  Permanence  de  1'Union  des  Societes  de  Gym- 
nastique de  France,  20  rue  du  Bel-Air ;  Merillon,  President 
de  I'Union  des  Societes  de  Tir  de  France,  106  rue  de  la 
Faisanderie,  Paris ;  Nicoloppula  Jean,  66  rue  de  Monceau, 
Paris^  Rousseau  Paul,  Vice-President  de  1'Union  Ve- 
locipedique  de  France,  6  Boulevard  des  Italiens,  Paris ; 
Simon,  Secretaire  general  de  la  Federation  Gymnastique 
et  Sportive  des  Patronages  de  France,  5  Place  St.  Thomas 
d'Aquin,  Vile ;  Vlasto  Antoin,  Avenue  Malakoff,  Paris. 


PAUL    PILGRIM, 

With  cups  and  laurel  wreaths  presented  to  him  on  the  final  day  by 
King  George  of  Greece. 


Sl'ALl>L\<rS     ATIILKTIC     LIBRARY. 

HUNGARY. 

La    Grande    Commission — 

Rhoussopoulos  Rhoussos,  representant  du  Consulat  Royal 
Grec. 

President — Le    Comte   Geza   Andrassy. 

President  adjoint — Le  Comte  Alexandre  Teleki. 

Vice-President  Gerant — Dr.   Georges  Gerenday. 

Vice-Presidents — Dr.  Edmond  Renez,  Alfred  Briill,  Dr.  Jean 
Czolder. 

Secretaire — Desire  Lauber. 

Caissier — Arthur  Baronyi. 

Controleur — Michel    Bely. 

Notaircs — Ladislas  Sallay,  Etienne  Csurgay. 

Representants  du  Ministere  des  Cultes  et  de  1'Instruction 
Publique — Dr.  Edmond  Bonez,  Conseiller  ministeriel,  chef 
de  l'Enseignement  secondaire ;  Dr.  Ladislas  Gopcsa,  Con- 
seiller de  section  ministeriel;  Dr.  Coloman  Szekeres,  Pro- 
fessor de  1'Ecole  royale  d'Etat. 

Representants  de  1' Association  Athletique  Hongroise — Vice- 
President  Gerant,  Dr.  Georges  Gerenday;  Secretaire,  Con- 
stant Stankovits,  Dr.  Eugene  Karafiath,  Eugene  Moor, 
Bela  Miiller,  Paul  Pick  (Athletique)  ;  Dr.  Jean  Virava, 
Desire  Olasz  (Natation)  ;  Dr.  Bela  Nagy,  Georges  Fold- 
vary  pin.  (Escrime)  ;  Dr.  Pierre  Taties,  Henri  Vida 
(Lutte). 

Representants  de  la  Federation  des  Associations  de  Gymnas- 
tique  de  Hongrie — President,  Le  comte  Alexandre  Teleki ; 
Vice-President,  Dr.  Jean  Czolder;  Secretaire,  Dr.  Andre 
Andor,  Michel  Bolla,  Michel  Bely,  Charles  Iszer,  Jean 
Manrer. 

Representants  de  la  Federation  des  Associations  de  Foot-Ball 
de  Hongrie — President,  Caetan  Banovits ;  Secretaire, 
Andre  Nemeth. 

Representants  de  la  Federation  des  Associations  des  rameurs 
de  Hongrie — President,  Frangois  Perger;  Secretaire, 
Zoltan  Abray. 

Representants  des  Associations — MM.  Henri  Vida,  Cercle  des 
Gymnastes  Hongrois ;  Frederic  Minder,  Societe  de  Sport 
des  officiers  des  Ppstes  et  Telegraphies  de  Budapest;  Dr. 
Joseph  Stern,  Societe  de  Gymnastique  et  d'escrime  du  III? 
arrondissement  de  Budapest;  Charles  Demeny,  Societe  de 
Gymnastique  de  Budapest  (Buck)  ;  Alexander  Rugler, 
Societe  de  Gymnastique  de  Vieille-Bude ;  Dr.  Zoltan 
Fuzessery.  Societe  de  Natation  Hongroise;  Arpad  Gorove, 
"Neptune"  Club  des  Rameurs ;  Dr.  Etienne  Zaborszky, 


HANDSOME   SILVER    PLAQUE   WON    BY   MARTIN   J. 

SHERIDAN  FOR   THROWING    THE   DISCUS 

(FREE  STYLE). 


SPALDING'S    ATHLETIC    LIBRARY. 

"Pannpnia"  Club  dc  s  Rameurs ;  Ladislas  Nagy,  "Wes- 
selenyi"  Club  d'Escrime ;  Jules  Stielly,  jun.  Societe  Athle- 
tique  de  Budapest ;  Dr.  Louis  Hody,  Societe  de  Sport  des 
officiers  de  la  Caisse  d'Epargue  des  Postes ;  Rodolphe 
Szurmak,  Societe  Nationale  des  Rameurs ;  Tibor  Reber, 
"Balaton"  Societe  des  Nageurs ;  Bela  Daner,  Club  Athle- 
tique de  1'Universite  de  Budapest;  Joseph  Lazar,  Club 
Athletique  et  de  Foot-Ball  de  1'Universite  Technique;  Dr. 
Marcel  Hajdn,  Club  d'escrime  de  la  Capitale;  .  Jean 
Szathmarg,  Club  Athletique  d' Arad  ;  Dr.  Mathias '  Dobro- 
vits,  Club  Gymnastique  de  Pozsony;  Andre  Jaritz,  Societe 
des  Tireurs  des  Citoyens ;  Ferdinand  Friedrich,  Club 
Athletique  Hongrois ;  Arthur  Baronyi,  Club  des  Tireurs 
de  la  Capitale;  Tihamer  Lisznyay  Damo,  "Hunnia," 
Societe  des  Rameurs ;  Dr.  Ernest  Picker,  "Le  Danube" 
Club  des  Rameurs. 

ITALY. 

President — Mr.  le  commandeur  Louis  Lucchini,  depute,  presi- 
dent du  Comite  pour  1'Education  physique. 

Commissaire  general — Mr.  le  commandeur  Vito  Pardo,  di- 
recteur  general  de  1'Association  Nationale  "Audax 
Italien." 

Secretaire  Hon. — Mr.  le  prof.  Cesar  Tifi,  directeur  de  la 
Societe  gymnastique  de  Rome. 

Vice-Secretaire — Pierre  Cancani,  vice-consul  de  Grece  a  Rome. 

Membres — MM.  Joseph  Mantica,  depute,  president  de  TAsso- 
ciation  Nationale  des  Professeurs  de  Gymnastique ;  Louis 
Duce,  general,  president  de  la  Societe  Gymnastique  de 
Rome,  membre  du  Conseil  de  la  Federation  Gymnastique 
italienne ;  Bruto  Amante,  directeur  de  1'Education  physique 
au  Ministere  de  1'Instruction  publique ;  Jean  Ceresole,  com- 
missaire  regional  de  TUnion  velocipediste  italienne ;  Le 
commandeur  Joseph  M.  Fiamingo,  directeur  de  "1'Italie" ; 
Mr.  le  chevalier  Benedetto  Intriglia,  consul  general  de 
Grece  a  Rome. 


HIGHEST  AWARDS 

FOR  SPALWNC  ATHLETIC  GOODS 


GRAND   PRIZE 

ST.  LOUIS 
1904 


GRAND   PRIX 

PARIS 
1900 


Shoes 

FINEST  Calfskin 

L      Running    Shoe; 

light  weight,    hand 

made,  six  spikes. 

NO.  10 
Per  pair  .  .  $4.50 


Running 
Shoe 

(CALFSKIN  Running 

^Shoe,     machine 

made. 

NO.  II 

Per  pair  .  .  $3.00 


No.  IO 


A.  G.  SPALDINC  &  BROS. 


New  York    Chicago  St.  Louis         Denver  San  Francisco 

Boston  Minneapolis  Baltimore  Kansas  City  New  Orleans 
Buffalo  Philadelphia  Washington  Pittsburg  Syracuse  Cincinnati 
Montreal,  Canada  London,  England  Hamburg,  Germany 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OP  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  5O  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  -jfei  r>n 
OVERDUE. 


AY 


4UG4    B60 


MAR   18  1940 


l7Aprt3SSi 


APR 


26^ov 


•56*5 


^  Sjec'SABta 

Tl  —  s-  tJ  U|J 


YB  19799 


•  —  r 

U.  C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES  V 


CDS7C171SDS 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


